Survey shows more than a third of cat and dog owners think their pet could be happier

New Zealanders love their pets, with 4.35 million pets of many species gracing our homes. Aotearoa has one of the highest cat ownership rates in the world – at least 40% of households have at least one (meaning there are approximately 1.2 million domestic cats). Around 34% of us are thought to own dogs, that’s 850,000 all up.  

A recent survey, commissioned by us here at Companion Animals New Zealand, consisted of a robust sample size of more than 500 dog and cat owners in New Zealand who were asked a range of questions around how they perceived their pet’s happiness.  

Among the key findings were: 

• While most participants felt their pet was quite happy, more than a third of cat / dog owners (36%) thought their pet could be happier, and when looking at just dog owners, this rose to 43%.  

• 4% of people either weren’t sure, or didn’t think, that their pet could experience emotions (3% were not sure and 1% didn’t think their pet could experience emotion). 

• 81% said it was important to them as pet owners that their cat or dog was happy. 

• 90% said it was very important to them that their pet was healthy. 

• Topping the list of what was perceived to make pets happy was food (closely followed by grooming and the company of the pet owner.)  

• Topping the list of what was perceived to cause sadness were things such as aggression/loud noises/shouting, as well as being ill or the pet being left alone.
  

“At Companion Animals New Zealand, we believe that positive welfare for our pets starts with us, the humans.”

— Professor Nat Waran

Professor Nat Waran, Director of A Good Life Centre within Companion Animals New Zealand, says gauging how people perceive animal emotions is a critical component to improving pet welfare. 

“The fact that 4% of owners in this survey didn’t know, or didn’t believe, that their pet experienced emotions is quite a startling find,” says Professor Waran. “New Zealand was among the first countries to recognise and enshrine animal sentience into law in August 2015 – yet there are people who still don’t think their own pet can experience emotion at all. 

Professor Nat Waran

“At Companion Animals New Zealand, we believe that positive welfare for our pets starts with us, the humans. We do these surveys without judgement. We know that understanding people’s beliefs and opinions will allow us to develop the best educational opportunities for sharing what’s needed to give animals a good life.” 

Through its new initiative 'A Good Life for Animals Centre,' Companion Animals New Zealand, will be helping define what a “Good Life” for pets is exactly. This endeavour marks a significant shift from focusing solely on minimising negative experiences for animals to embracing a positive approach. Through the Centre, Companion Animals NZ will harness the science of human behavior change to promote positive animal welfare outcomes. 

“Our understanding of animal happiness may not always match reality as we tend to view their emotions through a human lens, leading to potential misunderstandings,” finishes Waran. “Therefore, we emphasise the need for evidence-based criteria to define happiness accurately and develop practical methods. Our goal is to empower animal guardians in Aotearoa with the knowledge and tools for their pets' fulfilling lives, addressing challenges like recognising the behaviours that tell us about happiness and sadness to enhance awareness and education across New Zealand." 

Companion Animals New Zealand plans to collaborate with various animal groups nationwide, including SCPA, rescue groups, and MPI, to ensure a comprehensive approach to pet welfare.  

The national charity is widely recognised for managing the largest pet microchip database – the NZ Companion Animal Register (NZCAR) - which boasts 1.3 million registered pets and over 900 authorised users. The register plays a vital role in reuniting lost pets with their guardians, particularly during natural disasters. 

The public is invited to engage with Companion Animals NZ's research and initiatives, sign up for updates, and support the organisation's mission of promoting positive pet welfare. 

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Survey highlights

Emotions: 

• 96% of participants believe their pets can experience emotions, while 1% do not believe so, and 3% are unsure. 

• The most commonly attributed emotions to pets are happiness (91%), fear (92%), excitement (87%), and worry/anxiety (82%). 

• Cats are perceived to experience emotions differently than dogs in some categories (e.g., 97% of dog owners felt their pets could feel excitement, while 82% of cat owners shared the same feelings about their cats). 

Happiness  

• 42% think their pets are very happy most of the time, and 54% believe they are quite happy. 

• 81% consider their pets' happiness to be very important. 

• Interactions with company their owners (86%), being talked to (79%), being groomed (88%), playing (81%), and being provided with food (93%) are considered major contributors to pet happiness. 

• Factors perceived as leading to sadness or unhappiness include being alone (52%), illness (69%), loud noises (62%), negative interactions with people (57%), and aggression from other animals (71%). 

• 36% of participants think their pets could be happier. 

Health: 

• 90% consider their pets' health very important. 

Potential Improvements 

• Participants’ plans to improve their pets' lives include spending more time with them (25%), playing more with them (22%), and providing more mental stimulation (37%). 

Barriers  

• Common barriers to meeting pets’ needs include work/life commitments (29%), cost of living (24%), not having enough time (9%), and lack of information about animal emotions (7%). 

Survey methodology: Insights HQ (previously Camorra Research) carried out this survey on behalf of Companion Animals New Zealand. They ran an online survey with a total of 539 pet owners across New Zealand to understand current behaviours and attitudes.

For more information or media enquiries contact rebecca@companionanimals.nz

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The special relationship between pets and their humans

As we celebrate National Pet Day, it's the perfect time to reflect on why having a pet is not just joyful but also incredibly beneficial for our health and wellbeing. Pet ownership goes beyond companionship; it can have significant positive effects for both the animals and their human companions.  

Research has shown a myriad of health benefits associated with having a furry or feathered friend at home. In this article, we'll explore some of these benefits and delve into how pets contribute to a healthier and happier life for everyone involved. 

One Health - One Welfare: It is increasingly being recognised that the health and welfare of animals and humans are closely linked, with both pets and their human carers gaining positive outcomes from the special relationship they share.  

 Benefits for humans 

Physical health

Interacting with pets like dogs, cats, rabbits, rodents, horses, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians can significantly benefit human health, both physically and mentally. 

For instance, dog owners tend to be more physically active due to activities like walking, leading to better overall health measures such as lower body mass index.

Similarly, owning a horse can improve physical fitness through the dynamic interaction between rider and horse, engaging different muscle groups and requiring energy for care activities.

Moreover, owning pets, especially dogs, has been linked to improved cardiovascular health, including lower resting heart rates, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and reduced risk of cardiovascular problems. While it's essential to note that these associations may not imply causation, as healthier individuals may choose to have pets, the benefits are notable. 

CAT-TASTIC

The benefits of cat ownership are widely recognised, particularly in New Zealand, where 44% of households own at least one cat. These benefits include social enablement, as cats can provide companionship and improve the quality of life for the elderly by offering emotional support. Cats also serve society as working animals, aiding in tasks such as pest control on farms and providing occupational therapy.

While cats can have negative impacts on ecosystems, they also play a role in controlling pest species like rodents and rabbits, thus benefiting the environment by preventing excessive damage caused by these pests. A wider debate about cat management is one for another article, but we can conclude from research that for humans and cats alike – our company can be mutually beneficial. 

Mental health

Pets also offer significant mental health benefits by providing companionship, comfort, and routine. They can help reduce depression and anxiety, promote a sense of calm through activities like petting, and encourage daily routines for those struggling with motivation. For many, pets serve as reminders to care for themselves, nudging them to stay active and engaged.  

Importantly, ownership in the traditional sense is not necessary to promote human wellbeing. Interactions with ‘shared companion animals’ (like horses at riding schools, camps, or at ‘riding for the disabled’ programs) have been shown to promote dramatic physical and emotional benefits for the people spending time with these animals.  

Additionally, pets play a crucial role in combating isolation and loneliness, especially for older adults or those living alone. Walking a dog can lead to social interactions with other dog owners, fostering connections and reducing feelings of isolation. Being outdoors with pets, particularly dogs and horses, also exposes individuals to nature, which is known to positively impact mental wellbeing. 

Living longer?

Owning a pet could even help you live longer! One study with over 400 participants found that dog owners had better survival rates after 12 months compared to non-dog owners. Additionally, research indicates that patients undergoing therapy with dogs experience reduced pain scores and quicker recovery. 

Positive impacts of animal interaction on childrens’ learning 

Studies have suggested potential benefits for children with autism, developmental disorders, or those who have experienced abuse. Dogs have been shown to improve communication skills in children with developmental delays and increase environmental awareness. Additionally, horseback riding has been linked to improved behavior ratings in autistic children. Animal-assisted therapy has also been found to reduce traumatic symptoms in children who have experienced abuse. 

Pet ownership appears to support learning in two specific areas: developing empathy and emotional skills, as well as performing well in school-related responsibilities. 

 Benefits for animals 

Here are some key ways in which pets experience health benefits from being cared for by their human companions: 

• Physical exercise: Dogs, in particular, benefit from regular exercise such as walking, running, and playing fetch. This physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight, strengthens muscles and joints, and improves cardiovascular health. Cats also benefit from play sessions that keep them active and agile. 

• Mental stimulation: Interaction with humans provides pets with mental stimulation, preventing boredom and behavioral issues. Activities like training, puzzle toys, and socialising with other pets or humans contribute to their mental wellbeing. 

• Emotional bonding: The bond formed between pets and their owners promotes emotional stability for the animals. Pets thrive on companionship and affection, which boosts their overall happiness and reduces stress levels. 

• Healthcare monitoring: Regular visits to the veterinarian for check-ups, vaccinations, and preventive care ensure that pets receive necessary medical attention. This proactive approach to healthcare helps detect and address potential health issues early on. 

• Nutritional needs: Responsible pet ownership includes providing balanced nutrition tailored to the specific needs of each pet. Proper diet and access to fresh water contribute to their overall health and vitality. 

• Safe environment: Pets kept in a safe and secure environment, free from hazards and dangers, experience a higher quality of life. This includes protection from extreme weather conditions, toxic substances, and potential accidents. 

• Social interaction: Pets that interact with other animals or humans in a positive environment develop social skills and confidence. This can be beneficial, especially for animals like dogs that thrive on socialisation. 

• Preventing abandonment: Responsible pet ownership includes commitment to the long-term care of the animal. This reduces the likelihood of pets being abandoned or surrendered, ensuring they have a stable and loving home throughout their lives. 

So there we have it! On this National Pet Day let’s ponder the mutually beneficial relationship that enhances the lives of both humans and animals.  Through this interconnectedness we can provide a holistic approach to caring for animals, addressing their physical, mental, and emotional needs and in turn, get many of our own needs met also. 

More EQuiChip® events coming soon!

In 2023, a series of four equine microchipping events were held in the Hawkes Bay and Wairarapa communities following the catastrophic events of Cyclone Gabrielle. Following the incredibly sad event, EQuiChip® was born.

EQuiChip® became our national equine microchipping campaign founded and trademarked by us here at Companion Animals New Zealand. Equine microchipping is fundamental in identifying and protecting the NZ horse population. In Europe, equine microchipping is now compulsory in most countries and we believe New Zealand will likely follow this trend.

The 2023 series of events were driven by Professor Nat Waran (Director, A Good Life for Animals Centre, Companion Animals New Zealand) and enabled the equestrian community to take positive preventative measures to help reduce some of the risks and stress associated with being unable to identify horses and find their guardians in an unforeseen circumstance (weather event, national disaster, biosecurity threat, or loss of their horses due to theft).

More than 200 horses were microchipped and registered on the Companion Animals NZ national database during the four events and this sparked the idea to take the campaign nationally and trademark it as EQuiChip®. The video footage shown below was taken at one of the Hawke’s Bay events.

2024 events on the horizon

While still in the planning phase, we hope to host events with the help of generous sponsorship at the locations and dates below:

• May/June 2024: Taupō

• July 2024: Cambridge

• August 2024: North Auckland

• September 2024: West Auckland

• October 2024: Wellington

• November 2024: Christchurch

In the 2024 series we hope to microchip and register between 400 and 500 horses across the six events, involving the local equine community and vet clinics - making them very community-driven events.

There are so many benefits of equine microchipping and registration, including mitigating biosecurity risks, helping with proof of ownership and the ability to include body temperature measurements. The process is easy and, similar to a vaccine, the chip is inserted with a needle. No sedation is required in most cases.

We look forward to sharing more soon and confirming dates! If you’d like to know more, contact us at welfare@companionanimals.nz.

National Puppy Day: why appropriate socialisation and habituation is so important for future wellbeing

23 March is National Puppy Day! Today we celebrate the unconditional love and affection puppies bring to our lives. But how do we turn our love into meaningful actions to set our puppies up for success?

Most people know that a new puppy will bring a great deal of joy to their new human companions – however, did you know that the socialisation a puppy gets in early puppyhood can establish the behaviour patterns they will have for the rest of their lives?  

What is socialisation? 

The process of ‘socialisation’ includes social aspects such as human handling and socialisation with other dogs and animals. It also includes exposure to various environments, objects, and experiences.

Puppies who only have contact with people and pets in their own household during their first few months are likely to be fearful of unfamiliar people and dogs that they encounter later. The aim of any socialisation effort is that it be done in a positive manner, so the puppy gains knowledge, trust and resilience, giving it the education it needs to lead A Good Life, and to be a good canine companion and societal citizen.   

When should socialisation start? 

Before three weeks of age, puppies’ sight and hearing are developing, so they are wholly reliant on their mothers. Nonetheless, even at this young age, puppies that are handled are calmer at eight weeks (barking less and exploring more) compared to those that are not handled. In an ideal world, puppies should complete their vaccinations and be ready to socialise with other dogs on walks or at well-run puppy classes at around 12-weeks old. However, the need for socialisation needs to be balanced with the need to effectively protect puppies from exposure to diseases whilst they are not fully vaccinated and it’s important to be guided by your vet in this area. 

What we do know is that as puppies become less reliant on their mother, socialisation becomes even more important. The experiences (positive and negative) a puppy has during this period have lifelong effects. The period from about three weeks to 14 weeks of age is when the process of ‘habituation’ can take place most effectively. During this time puppies learn that things they are exposed to at a manageable level are normal and do not pose a threat to them and don’t need to be feared. This means that providing the puppy with a range of positive experiences, enrichment toys, handling and safe interactions with fully-vaccinated dogs will all help set him or her up for a great future. 

Of course, as anyone that has raised a puppy knows, continued contact with humans, other dogs and animals, and varied sights and sounds, is important throughout the juvenile stage of life as well, as all these interactions contribute to the way the dog ultimately behaves as an adult.   

 Benefits of socialisation 

Socialisation is a fundamental component to ensuring a dog can lead A Good Life with its human companions. Research has reported numerous benefits of socialisation, including: 

• Positive lifelong bonds and relationships with humans 

• Increased trainability 

• Openness to new places, people, and animals 

• Capacity to cope with stress, like sounds and separation 

• Reduced negative adult behaviours, like fearfulness and aggression 

• Increased positive adult behaviours, like friendliness and the ability to learn tasks  

Considerations  

It is important that the interactions and experiences provided during the socialisation period are appropriate for the age and breed of the dog. For instance, one study reported that exposure to loud noises early in life (particularly not in a controlled manner) resulted in fearful responses to fireworks, gunshots, and thunder later in adulthood.  

If socialisation is aimed at introducing other animals, some breeds innately react differently than others. For example, herding breeds naturally ‘work’ livestock.  

Interestingly, research suggests that more varied stimuli, including some instances of mild stress, will result in the dog being more resilient in adulthood. One study showed lifelong benefits of very short instances of removal from their nest in very early life.  

However, it is important that socialisation is ultimately a positive experience for puppies, so stressors should be just a tiny portion of the socialisation experience. A final consideration is puppy classes. A review of various studies yielded a mixed result; while such classes serve to provide socialisation opportunities for some animals (like those that receive no other exposure to dogs), it’s important that the experience is a positive one for your pup, and it’s likely that they should just be one part of the wider spectrum of puppy experiences in early life.  

 Seeking advice 

Most of us have a reasonable understanding of the people, animals and experiences to which we want to socialise our puppies, but the way to accomplish this exposure in an effective and positive way can be daunting.  

It is best to seek advice and assistance from someone who is accredited for their skillset. You can find accredited professionals on our Companion Animals NZ website page here. Given the importance of your puppy’s early life on their future psychological and emotional wellbeing, as well as yours, seeking advice from a professional trainer at the puppy stage is well worth the investment.  

References:  

1. Gazzano A, Mariti C, Notari L, Sighieri C, McBride EA. 2008. Effects of early gentling and early environment on emotional development of puppies. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 110(3-4):294-304. 

1. Battaglia CL. 2009. Periods of early development and the effects of stimulation and social experiences in the canine. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 4(5):203-210. 

1. Miklósi Á. 2014. Dog behaviour, evolution, and cognition. oUp Oxford. 

1. Howell TJ, King T, Bennett PC. 2015. Puppy parties and beyond: The role of early age socialization practices on adult dog behavior. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 6:143-153. 

Cats and calories – how cooler months ahead means watching their waistlines

Pet ownership comes with a myriad of responsibilities, from ensuring their well-being to providing them with a loving home. In New Zealand, we love our cat companions – with 41% of the population owning at least one feline pet. But are we keeping a close enough eye on their weight?  

When the cooler months hit, our cats can sometimes prefer to keep closer to home and stay warm, just like us. This means we are moving less and need to watch what we eat – only our cats rely on us to do that for them.  

With one in four New Zealand cats classified as overweight or obese, there is a need to better understand the factors influencing these trends.  

Nutrition plays a crucial role in cat welfare, influencing their overall health, disease susceptibility, and longevity. Obesity is linked to various feline health issues like osteoarthritis and diabetes. Global trends show a concerning rise in cat obesity, mirrored in NZ. In 1993, 26% of NZ cats were overweight or obese, rising to 63% in 2007. 

A 2019 study identified two key factors contributing to obesity in companion cats in NZ – firstly owner misperception of their cats' body condition, and secondly, feeding them a varied diet, complicating calorie control.  A healthy weight for your animal is key to them having a Good Life, so it’s critical you keep an eye on their dietary habits. 

What cat owners can do  

Understanding cat obesity requires recognising the signs and taking appropriate action. But this is sometimes easier said than done. Many cat owners struggle to accurately assess their pets' body condition, often underestimating their weight.  

What you can do: 

• Talk to your veterinary professional about your animal’s weight and get advice on their diet – firstly understanding where their body condition is 

• Ensure there is consistency in their diet so calorie control is easier to manage 

• Be careful of treats – and in particular, educate any children interacting with them on how important it is not to overfeed cats 

• Get creative with ways to play with your cat and get them moving! Stimulating their body and mind is a great way to burn up excess energy. 

Need visuals on what is an ideal weight? The WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee have a great Body Condition Score sheet with visuals to assess the ideal weight for a feline companion. 

Click the link above to see this PDF online

What lies ahead? 

Moving forward, we are prioritising future research initiatives and educational activities. One big thing to tackle is the gap between owners’ and vets’ perception of cats’ body condition scoring (BCS). Plus, there is a need to understand the correlations between activity levels, dietary patterns, and BCS perception. 

Finally, further investigation into guidelines for maintaining a balanced diet in cats is essential, given the prevalent practice of offering cats a variety of foods and treats. Veterinary professionals and pet store personnel hold significant potential in disseminating this information, as well as signage in the supermarket aisles, particularly to households with children who may be unknowingly feeding more food and treats to their animal via the children.  

As we creep closer to winter, it's the perfect time to prioritise your cat’s weight management to ensure they lead a Good Life. Take action now to monitor their diet and activity levels, setting the stage for a happier and healthier winter season for your beloved feline companions. 

More on the 2019 Study 

The 2019 study, conducted from January 2019 to March 2019, surveyed residents aged 18 years and above to gather insights into the feeding habits and owner-related risk factors contributing to feline obesity. Among the key findings, it was revealed that 65.5% of respondents owned cats, with female, rural, or households with children being more likely to have feline companions. 

Diving deeper into feeding practices, the survey uncovered that a significant portion of cat owners relied on biscuits from supermarkets (63%) and wet food (57%) as primary dietary sources. Additionally, approximately 45% opted for specialized pet shop or veterinary clinic foods, while 31% incorporated raw meat into their cat's diet. This variety in feeding habits poses challenges in estimating appropriate caloric intake, potentially leading to excess weight gain in feline companions. 

Furthermore, the study highlighted discrepancies in owners' perceptions of their cat's body condition, with nearly 30% disagreeing with the correct body condition statement. This underscores the importance of education and awareness campaigns to empower  

These findings underscore the critical need for further research and interventions to address feline obesity in New Zealand. By understanding the behavioural patterns of pet owners and identifying key risk factors, we can pave the way for innovative approaches to promote healthy weight management and enhance the overall well-being of our feline companions.  

 *The Diets of Companion Cats in Aotearoa New Zealand: Identification of Obesity Risk Factors (squarespace.com)  

World Frog Day: What do frogs need from us?

Each year, frogs all over the world are celebrated on 20 March – World Frog Day. But do you know what it takes for a frog to have a Good Life? Haven't the froggiest? Here we outline a few key aspects to keeping these web-footed, leaping companions content.  

Frog facts  

New Zealand has three native frog species (or four, depending on if you group Maud Island Frog with Hamilton’s Frog). These frogs are endangered and must not be kept as pets.  

For people keen to have a companion frog, there are three Australian frog species available (southern bell frog, green and golden bell frog, whistling/southern brown tree frog). These frogs can be long lived (5 – 15 years, depending on the species), so it is important that their captive homes are well setup, and allow them to perform natural behaviours. 

While not all specific to the species kept as pets in NZ, frog research exists that demonstrates the benefits of improving housing environments.  

Key Elements for Frog Housing  

• Enriching environments that promote natural behaviours. Shelters should allow frogs to hide, particularly during the day if they are nocturnal. It also helps to cover insects with leaves that will promote natural frog foraging behaviour. (1)  

• Appropriate social structure. Both southern bell, and green and golden, frogs are typically solitary, territorial and sometimes cannibalistic, yet each species naturally congregate during the mating season and call to one another. (2) Therefore, keeping a single frog without providing the opportunity to communicate with another frog may compromise its welfare. Make sure you do your research on the species of frog you’ll be bringing home and how they prefer to interact – or not – with other frogs. 

• Background surroundings are important. We tend to focus a great deal about what is on the inside of a pet’s enclosure, so often the outside gets forgotten. For instance, research into largely water-dwelling frog shows that surrounding their enclosure with a dark coloured background reduces stress and weight loss. (3) It is important to know what kind of colours and images your frog species would naturally encounter and try to mimic that.  

• Be conscious of noise. A study of southern brown tree frogs experiencing traffic noise reported that these frogs increased the pitch of their calls. As this work aimed to evaluate mating success, the authors did not reflect on overall frog welfare, nonetheless this (and other) work demonstrates that frogs are sensitive to noise, and therefore we should be cognisant of the ambient noise of pet frogs’ enclosures. (4) 

A Final Note 

It's crucial to remember that pet frogs should remain as pets and never be released into the wild. This is vital for the welfare and future of New Zealand's native frogs. To learn more about these fascinating creatures and conservation efforts, visit NZ Frogs, a charity dedicated to frog conservation: https://nzfrogs.org 

We hope you found this a ribbiting read – now hop along and enjoy international frog day! 

References: 

1. Michaels CJ, Roger Downie JR, Campbell-Palmer R. 2014. The importance of enrichment for advancing amphibian welfare and conservation goals: A review of a neglected topic. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 8(1):7–23. https://amphibian-reptile-conservation.org/pdfs/Volume/Vol_8_no_1/ARC_8_1_[Gen_Sec]_7-23_e77_low_res.pdf 

2. Introduced Frogs. 2021. The New Zealand Herpetological Society. https://www.reptiles.org.nz/herptetofauna/introduced-index 

3. Holmes AM, Emmans CJ,  Jones N, Coleman R, Smith TE, Hosie CA. 2016. Impact of tank background on the welfare of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (Daudin), Applied Animal Behaviour Science 185:131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.09.005 

4. Parris KM, Velik-Lord M, North JMA. 2009. Frogs call at a higher pitch in traffic noise. Ecology and Society, 14(1). http://www.jstor.org/stable/26268025 

Equine Welfare: Understanding horse emotions

Expert blog: Professor Nat Waran 

The field of Animal Welfare Science took a big step forward with the unveiling of the 'Brambell Report' in the UK in 1965. This report, along with the establishment of the UK Farm Animal Welfare Council and the inception of the 'Five Freedoms,' marked the birth of a new era in animal welfare. Professor Brambell emphasised the importance of understanding animal ethology and acknowledging the emotional experiences of animals in assessing their welfare. 

Fast forward to today, and the conversation surrounding animal welfare has evolved significantly. Alongside scientific developments, there's a growing public concern regarding the treatment and use of animals, including horses. While horses hold a unique position between pets and production animals, their welfare often receives less attention, especially in recreational and sporting contexts. 

Horse welfare under the spotlight 

In recent years, increased public awareness and access to information, thanks to the internet and social media, have placed horse welfare under closer scrutiny. There's a rising expectation for equine sports and activities to prioritise the well-being of horses, ensuring they lead fulfilling lives. 

Understanding equine emotions poses a significant challenge. While horse owners often attribute emotions to their animals, these interpretations can be subjective and anthropomorphic (described or thought of as having a human form or human attributes). Misreading or ignoring a horse's emotional state can have detrimental effects on both the horse and the human involved. 

The International Equestrian Federation (FEI) has emphasised the importance of a "happy equine athlete," but determining a horse's happiness is complex. Absence of certain behaviors, like tail swishing or teeth grinding, is not sufficient evidence of a positive emotional state. Measuring and interpreting animal emotions requires robust, evidence-based methods, which is particularly challenging given that animals cannot self-report their feelings. 

Pairing observation with science 

While horse owner observations are valuable, they come with limitations. Owners may struggle to remain objective due to their emotional attachment and vested interests. Objective assessments of equine quality of life demand evidence-based methodologies that consider both positive and negative emotional states. 

Developing such methodologies involves exploring horses' preferences and behavioral expressions under various circumstances. Behavioral tests and qualitative assessments offer promising avenues for understanding equine emotions and well-being. However, funding for equine behavioral research remains a challenge, with horses often being a low priority compared to other animals. 

Despite these challenges, there's a collective aspiration to provide horses with a good life. Recognising and rewarding practices that prioritise positive emotional states in horses could transform training and competition across disciplines, ultimately benefiting both horses and humans alike. As we continue to unlock the secrets of equine welfare, the journey towards ensuring horses lead fulfilling lives remains ongoing. 

At Companion Animals New Zealand, we’re excited to lead more initiatives and research about this subject as part of our A Good Life for Animals Centre. Our activity includes leading the development of research to discover indicators of equine emotion and develop effective human behaviour change approaches, as well as delivering education opportunities via conference and presentations. Some examples include: 

• Collaborating with two international teams: 

• developing robust indicators of positive emotions in horses with support from the Hong Kong Jockey Club, and 

• Working with the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (FORMAS) on ‘How to facilitate Human Behaviour Change regarding equine welfare' 

• Taking part in a new research collaboration with a team in Brazil to use AI to develop improved ability to recognise signs of positive and negative emotions in horses when they are being ridden.  

• Driving the change via involvement with International Federations responsible for equine welfare – Chairing the Equine Ethics and Wellbeing Commission and producing a report proposing A Good Life for Horses 

• Organising the international Society for Equitation Science Conference in NZ -with the theme of A Good Life for Horses 

• Chairing a new Eurogroup for Animal Welfare –Policy Development Committee to produce a White paper – a comprehensive document describing equine welfare needs for a Good Life for all horses. 

Today, the discourse on animal welfare concerning horses, has expanded significantly and we're excited to spearhead initiatives and research endeavors in New Zealand and with organisation overseas aimed at advancing equine welfare. 

Professor Nat Waran BSc (Hons), PhD (Cantab)

Director - A Good Life for Animals Centre

The science of dog training: three key building blocks

Our beloved dogs hold a special place in our hearts, with around a third of New Zealand households welcoming these faithful companions into their homes. However, ensuring that our canine friends become valued members of society requires more than just affection; it involves understanding their needs and behaviors to promote responsible ownership and training.  

Here we explore three building blocks for effective and humane dog training, shedding light on how owners can cultivate strong bonds and positive behaviors in their canine companions. But first, let’s step back in time to look at the history of our bond with dogs. 

History of "man's best friend”  

The human-animal bond is considered to be over 12 thousand years old and was likely to be originally based on a mutually beneficial relationship. The dog was one of the first animals to be domesticated – transitioning from being tolerated as a scavenger around the early human settlements to being valued as a human companion, in a relatively short time. The domestic dog (Canis familiaris), one of 38 species in the canine family (Canidae), shares behavioral tendencies with its relatives such as wolves, coyotes, and foxes.  

Yet despite selective breeding for various traits and the length of time we’ve had with them as companions, dogs retain many behaviors common among canines. Behavioral problems often stem from a lack of understanding of normal dog behavior and the variability among breeds and individuals. In many areas, we as humans are falling short in terms of meeting their welfare needs. 

Effective training is one area where there is much room for improvement. Even with the correct use of positive reinforcement methods (often called reward–based training), there are often problems, such as: with the timing of the reward, the clarity of the signals and other factors that can cause problems for the dog in making the correct associations. This can sometimes cause a breakdown in training success - which can be frustrating for both dog and human.  

Sadly, this often leads to inappropriate use of aversive training and handling techniques and even the use of inhumane methods to force the animal to perform (or not) the behaviour.  

A way to overcome this is for dog owners is to understand more about how animals learn most effectively, how they are motivated and how they are different from us.  

1. Understanding Canine Ethology (the science of animal behaviour):  

Dogs are dogs, people are people. It seems a simple statement, but it is very important to understand that what matters to them is different to what matters to us.  

Dogs have evolved from ancestors who were predators, social pack animals and with senses far superior to humans. Making the time to understand them and the way they perceive the world, can not only help us to train in a more canine-centred way but also to appreciate the amazing animals that they are. 

Dogs, though descended from wolves, have been unintentionally bred for a more juvenile appearance, known as paedomorphosis, affecting their communication abilities compared to wolves. This altered physical appearance can affect dogs' communication abilities compared to wolves, with breeds like brachycephalic dogs experiencing limitations in facial expressions. As social beings, dogs thrive in modified pack systems, relying on effective communication for social interactions, underscoring their enduring bond with humans. Despite this bond, issues like relinquishment to shelters due to perceived behavioral problems highlight the need for better understanding and management of canine behaviour, emphasising the importance of education and support from professionals in the field. 

In short, we need to apply science to practice when looking after our canine friends. 

2. Intentional modification of behaviour (AKA “training”) 

Dog training can be defined as the ‘intentional modification of the frequency and/or intensity of specific behavioural responses’. This may sound like a mouthful, but it is crucial to know this isn’t about learning commands – it is about reinforcing a particular desired response to a signal in a consistent and timely manner. This is key to your dog making a good connection between the signal or cue you use and the behavioural response you want. 

Dogs learn through making associations between their actions or inactions and the consequence these actions have for them. Successful and humane training relies upon the trainer having a good understanding of the application of learning theory, dog behaviour and a clear understanding of the goals and the limitations of the training approach being used.  

Reinforcers - from theory to practice: 

• Types of Reinforcers: Reinforcers can be positive, such as treats or praise, or negative, like the release of pressure on a leash (not to be confused with punishment techniques), and are effective in shaping desired behavior. Choosing the reinforcer to use will need to take into account the individual character of each dog, since some will be food motivated, but others prefer to work for toys or attention. 

• Secondary Positive Reinforcement: Techniques like clicker training utilise secondary positive reinforcement, conditioning dogs to associate a specific signal with a reward, facilitating training even at a distance. 

• Reinforcement Schedules: There are also different types of reinforcement schedules that can be used to keep your dog motivated. Once the dog has learned the association between a cue/signal because he/she has been rewarded after every correct response using a continuous reinforcement schedule –some trainers will switch to a more variable schedule so that the dog maintains his or her motivation to perform the response, or even get better at it. The differential reinforcement (DR) schedule is where the dog is given different valued rewards that reflect the quality of their performance of the response. For example, the dog only gets rewarded for above-average responses, getting better rewards for better responses. 

 Punishment-based methods, like loud noises or shouts should be avoided. These may temporarily stop unwanted behavior but can lead to fear and anxiety in dogs. Responsible guardians should prioritise reward-based or positive training methods, emphasising the need for humane and ethical treatment in achieving successful behavior modification in dogs. Developing good timing, whatever method you use, is key to reward the response you want consistently and immediately.  

3. Asking for help 

Finally, it is absolutely fine to ask for help when you need it. Asking for help when you need dog training is not only acceptable but highly encouraged for several reasons. Firstly, every dog is unique, with its own personality, temperament, and learning style, making it challenging for novice trainers to navigate training complexities effectively.  

Seeking guidance from experienced professionals ensures that training approaches are tailored to your dog's individual needs, maximizing effectiveness and minimizing frustration for both you and your pet. Additionally, professional trainers possess a wealth of knowledge in canine behavior and training techniques, offering valuable insights and strategies to address specific issues or challenges you may encounter during the training process.  

Moreover, seeking help demonstrates responsible pet ownership, prioritising your dog's well-being and development by investing in proper training and socialisation.  

You can get expert help from one of the Companion Animals New Zealand Accredited Animal Trainers and Animal Behaviourists who only use humane training methods that are based on an understanding of the way animals learn. Follow the link below for more information about who you can approach in your area.   

More about responsible pet ownership 

In New Zealand, regulations outlined in the Dog Control Act 1996 establish legal obligations for dog owners, emphasising care, control, and registration. Companion Animals New Zealand advocates for microchipping and registration, promoting initiatives like the New Zealand Companion Animal Register to enhance pet safety and reunification in case of emergencies or straying. 

Tolerance for our pets by others in our community requires that they be trained and contained so that they do not become a public problem. Being a good animal citizen is essential, and since the dog doesn’t know the rules, it’s up to the responsible owner to ensure that they provide their dog with the correct socialisation and good training to ensure they are an asset rather than a liability. 

PROFESSOR NAT WARAN APPOINTED AS DIRECTOR OF THE NEW ‘GOOD LIFE FOR ANIMALS’ CENTRE

Companion Animals New Zealand is pleased to announce the appointment of Professor Nat Waran as the inaugural Director of an exciting initiative aimed at advancing the wellbeing of companion animals in New Zealand.

The virtual Centre will drive initiatives aimed at changing human behaviour which in turn will advance the wellbeing of companion animals in Aotearoa.

By investing in research, education and advocacy programmes, Professor Waran says it will be possible to help address knowledge gaps and barriers so that we can better support the overall objective of ensuring a Good Life for Animals.

Companion Animals New Zealand is a Charitable Trust aimed at advancing the understanding, quality and adoption of responsible companion animal guardianship in New Zealand.

Waran says she feels extremely fortunate to have been involved with Companion Animals New Zealand since joining the Board in 2019, and to have been the Chair since 2020.

“The Board’s strategic decision to invest in the creation and transfer of evidence-based knowledge to enhance the quality of life for companion animals, marks a significant step for the organisation. I am honoured to have been given the opportunity to head up the development of the new centre, and to have the support of the Board to ensure that all companion animals live a good life.’

She notes the importance of developing a collaborative approach and having strong stakeholder engagement with universities, national and international NGOs and government departments.

Professor Waran is an internationally respected applied animal welfare scientist and educator with expertise in applied research, and the design and delivery of evidence-based education initiatives. She has more than 30 years of experience working as a strategic leader at senior level in the tertiary sector in NZ and overseas.

Prior to returning to New Zealand in 2016 she was the inaugural Director of the Jeanne Marchig International Animal Welfare Centre established at the University of Edinburgh’s veterinary school, where she collaborated with various organisations to advance animal welfare in developing countries.