Webinar series – is your pet misbehaving or misunderstood?

In our upcoming ‘Misbehaviour or Misunderstood’ webinar series open to the public, accredited behaviour consultants and veterinary behaviourists will delve into the behaviour of companion animals. Are we interpreting our animal’s behaviour in the wrong way? How can we better understand their drivers?  

Companion animals hold significant importance in the lives of many New Zealanders. More than a third of households have one or more dogs - and we boast the world's highest cat ownership rate, with over 40% of households having at least one feline friend. It is clear that pets are cherished members of our families.  

Despite widespread pet ownership across New Zealand, many pet owners remain unaware of the intricacies of their animals' behaviours. What are the reasons behind their actions and the potential for behavioural challenges? So many pet owners have the best intentions, but aren’t equipped with the right knowledge.

This knowledge gap can lead to mismatches between the natural behaviours of companion animals and the expectations of their owners. As a result, behaviour issues may arise, causing distress for both pets and their humans. 

Addressing these issues has become an increasingly important area of focus in the field of  ‘clinical animal behaviour’. This field, which combines applied ethology and veterinary medicine, employs evidence-based strategies to address a wide range of abnormal or problematic behaviours exhibited by dogs and cats. Experts in this field employ a multidisciplinary approach, drawing upon insights from psychology, ethology, neurobiology, pharmacology, and veterinary science to develop effective solutions for managing and treating behavioural issues in companion animals. 

Webinar series coming soon! 

In our upcoming ‘Misbehaviour or Misunderstood’ webinar series, accredited behaviour consultants and veterinary behaviourists will delve into the behaviour of companion animals.

These experts will uncover the root causes and motivations behind companion animals’ actions, shedding light on what these behaviours signify for the animal's overall well-being. Offering practical guidance, they'll equip participants with tools to address common behavioural challenges and ensure their pets receive everything necessary for a fulfilling life. 

The series will span 4-5 evening webinars, occurring fortnightly starting on the 31st of July. Each webinar will last approximately 60 minutes, providing ample opportunity for sharing insights and addressing pertinent topics. The webinars are free to attend, with the option to provide a small donation following the webinar if you found it useful - so we can continue to run these events into the future to help Kiwi pet owners across the country. 

Topic number 1

Our first topic Aggression Towards Familiar People - Beyond the Myth of Dominance addresses the complexities surrounding aggression by dogs towards familiar people. Given the prevalent misinterpretations surrounding this behaviour, such as misattributing it to “dominance”, there's a pressing need to understand and address the multifaceted reasons which contribute to this aggression.  

Presenting this topic will be Mat Ward, a Clinical Animal Behaviourist, who has helped thousands of pets (and their humans!) over the past 25 years. Early in his career, while completing his Master’s degree through Massey Vet School, Mat worked hands-on training problem dogs.  During the 2000s he established himself as a leading behaviour practitioner in Edinburgh, Scotland, with over 130 veterinary clinics referring behaviour cases to him by the time he moved back to New Zealand in 2021.  Recently, Mat published “What Dogs Want”, a fun, illustration-filled handbook for dog guardians.  Mat is accredited through the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour as a Certificated Clinical Animal Behaviourist (CCAB), and is accredited or a member of leading companion animal behaviour organisations such as CANZ, ABTC, IAABC, APBC, and FABC. 

During this webinar, Mat will pass on what he has learned from 25 years in the field of dog behaviour. He will outline patterns of aggression towards familiar people he has observed over the years, explain the core reasons for this behaviour, and summarise the practical techniques and recommendations he finds most useful for his clients.   

Be sure to keep an eye out for further updates on this topic on our website and social media channels! You can register your interest in attending via our form linked in the button below. 

What is Companion Animals NZ Accreditation? 

Companion Animals NZ Accredited professionals have demonstrated that they have met the CANZ Accreditation professional standards and follow the CANZ Code of Ethical Conduct. By choosing a CANZ Accredited professional you can be assured that they will use humane training methods that are based on an understanding of the way animals learn. Read more about this here: https://www.companionanimals.nz/accreditation  

Why parrots are unlike any other pet

All animals communicate with us in their own unique way. But can they all mimic our speech? Parrots are fascinating creatures that have captivated human hearts for centuries with their vibrant plumage, mimicking abilities, and engaging behaviour. 

World Parrot Day is 31 May each year and began in 2004, as a way to let everyone know that these remarkable birds need protecting in the wild. As we celebrate World Parrot Day, it's important to acknowledge the incredible beauty, intelligence, and personality of these spectacular birds.  

However, while many people may be drawn to the idea of having a parrot as a pet, it’s crucial to understand that these birds have complex needs and not all parrots are suited for life as a companion animal. Some birds also pose a threat to our native birds by dominating their food sources and nesting sites, so you must know about your species. Fr example, it is illegal to release a rainbow lorikeet into the wild. 

In this article, we aim to celebrate the wonder of parrots by exploring what makes them extraordinary companions for those who can meet their needs – while also acknowledging that their complex requirements, long lifespan, and potential for behavioural issues in the wrong circumstances, make them unsuitable pets for most people.  

Ensuring the welfare of these magnificent creatures often means leaving them in their natural habitats or in the care of experienced and dedicated avian enthusiasts. For those who truly love parrots, supporting conservation efforts and educating others about the challenges of keeping parrots as pets can be a more effective way to appreciate and protect these birds. 

 High-flying cognitive abilities 

Parrots are perceived to be highly intelligent creatures, known for cognitive abilities, vocal mimicry and social intelligence. While parrots are not the only animals that can mimic human speech, their vocal abilities and cognitive skills make them uniquely adept at this form of communication, contributing to their popularity and fascination as pets. 

When we think about common companion animals – like cats and dogs – we know every animal exhibits different types of intelligence which are adapted to their specific ecological niches and evolutionary histories. In short – all pets are smart in their own species-specific way!  

For example, dogs are highly trainable and can learn a wide range of commands and tasks. Cats are excellent problem solvers and are known for their agility and hunting skills. Each animal has unique strengths that highlight different aspects of intelligence. 

Some of the more complex abilities parrots display include: 

• tool manufacture 

• mirror self-recognition 

• object permanence (when you know an object or person still exists even when they are hidden and you can't see or hear them)

• meta-cognition (awareness or analysis of one's own learning or thinking processes) 

• theory of mind (the ability to understand the thoughts, beliefs, desires, and emotions of other people) 

• vocal learning - unique in their ability to mimic human speech and other sounds, which requires advanced auditory learning and vocal control. 

• mental time travel (the capacity to mentally reconstruct personal events from the past as well as to imagine possible scenarios in the future) 

• and complex social cognition (being able to interpret social information and behave appropriately in a social environments) [1] 

Parrots are highly social animals, and their intelligence is often reflected in their complex social interactions and ability to form strong bonds with their human caregivers.  

Some parrots, especially African Grey parrots, have shown remarkable problem-solving and understanding of abstract concepts like numbers and colours . 

The story of Alex 

Alex the parrot, an African Grey, is one of the most famous and studied birds in history, known for his remarkable cognitive abilities and contributions to the understanding of animal intelligence.  

Alex was born in 1976 and was purchased from a pet store by animal psychologist Dr. Irene Pepperberg. The name "Alex" stands for Avian Learning EXperiment. Under Dr. Pepperberg's training, Alex demonstrated the ability to use over 100 words meaningfully. He could identify colours, shapes, sizes, and quantities, and could understand concepts like "same" and "different." 

Alex could count up to six objects, understand the concept of zero, and perform tasks that required an understanding of categories and abstract thinking. He showed the ability to express desires, make choices, and even exhibited behaviours that suggested a form of emotional understanding. 

Alex died unexpectedly on September 6, 2007, at the age of 31. But his passing didn’t stop his legacy living on – with his achievements continuing to garner attention and respect from both the scientific community and the general public. Alex's abilities challenged the prevailing assumptions about the intellectual capacities of birds and animals in general. The Alex Foundation, established by Dr. Pepperberg, continues to support research and educational initiatives to advance the study of animal cognition and promote conservation efforts. 

His last words to Dr. Pepperberg were reportedly, "You be good, see you tomorrow. I love you." 

[Alex image source: New York Times]

What parrots need to live a Good Life 

Being kept in captivity might prevent parrots from doing all the things they'd normally do in the wild. This is especially true for pet parrots in homes where they can't socialise much, fly freely, find their own food, or do regular bird behaviours like bathing and grooming themselves. [2]

That is why it is so important to understand what a significant commitment having a companion parrot is, and to pay careful consideration to how they can live a Good Life. You must ensure you are acquiring your parrot legally and ethically, and do your research on the care levels required.  

Here are some key considerations: 

• Lifespan: Parrots can live for several decades; some species, like African Greys and Macaws, can live up to 60 years or more. Be prepared for a long-term commitment and plan for the parrot's care in the future.  

• Space and housing:

  • Parrots need spacious cages and plenty of room to exercise and fly. Provide a large, well-ventilated cage with appropriate perches, toys, and climbing structures.

  • Allow for supervised out-of-cage time daily if appropriate for your species (eg . If you own a rainbow lorikeet you must be a responsible owner and keep it in secure caging. Advice is available from the Department of Conservation on how to construct suitable caging that reduces the risk of the birds escaping).

  • Parrots are curious and can get into dangerous situations, so proof your home by removing toxic plants, securing electrical cords, and ensuring they can't access harmful substances.

  • Parrots may not always get along with other pets, so introduce other pets cautiously and ensure the parrot has a safe space away from potential threats. 

  • Did you know you can also microchip and register your bird on the NZ Companion Animal Register? This is another way you can ensure you are reunited should you become separated.

• Diet: Parrots require a varied diet to stay healthy, including seeds, pellets, fruits, vegetables, and nuts – depending on your individual bird’s needs. Ensure a balanced diet with fresh water always available, and avoid toxic foods like avocado, chocolate, caffeine, and alcohol. Speak with a vet if you’d like advice when choosing a diet to suit your bird’s needs. 

• Social interaction and mental stimulation:

  • Parrots are highly social and intelligent birds that require interaction and mental stimulation to prevent boredom and behavioural issues.

  • Parrots are generally not solitary animals. In the wild, many parrot species live in flocks or groups, exhibiting social behaviors such as foraging together, grooming each other, and communicating through vocalisations and body language. It is often advised that pet birds are housed in groups or pairs of compatible species to ensure that their need for social contact is met.

  • Pet birds often consider their human family as part of their social “flock”, and so when kept as pets, parrots often form strong bonds with their human caregivers. No matter if you have a solo companion bird or multiple, it is important to spend time interacting with your parrot daily and provide a variety of toys, puzzles, and foraging activities to keep their minds engaged. 

• Noise: Parrots can be very loud, and their vocalisations might be disruptive. Be prepared for the noise level and consider whether your living situation can accommodate it, especially if you have close neighbours. 

• Health care: Parrots require regular veterinary care from a vet specialising in avian medicine. Schedule annual check-ups and be vigilant for signs of illness, such as changes in appetite, droppings, or behaviour. Ensure your parrot is vaccinated and protected from diseases. 

• Behaviour and training: Parrots can develop behavioural issues like biting, feather plucking, and screaming if not properly trained and socialised. Invest time in positive reinforcement training and socialisation from an early age. Try to learn to understand their body language and respond appropriately. 

• Routine and stability: Parrots thrive on routine and can become stressed with changes, so it is good to minimise changes in their environment (outside of those for enrichment and stimulation). Maintain a consistent daily routine for feeding, interaction, and sleep.  

Parrots are extraordinarily unique. The responsibilities that come with being a guardian for these remarkable birds cannot be emphasised enough, and we acknowledge that some parrots thrive best in their natural habitats or in conservation settings. What is undeniable, is that parrots can form special bonds with humans when they are cared for responsibly and ethically.  

As we delve deeper into the realm of animal intelligence, exemplified by the life of Alex the parrot, we gain a clearer understanding of just how complex and advanced these birds truly are. This ongoing research allows us to enhance our knowledge of how to ensure their wellbeing and thriving. 

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A note about native parrots 

There are eight surviving parrot species that are unique to New Zealand and it is essential to appreciate and protect native parrots in their natural environments.

The mainland species include the kea (Nestor notabilis), the New Zealand kākā (Nestor meridionalis), the kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus).

There are also three species of kākāriki (meaning ‘small green parrot’ in Māori): the yellow-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus auriceps), the red-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae), and the orange-fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi). 

As of 2023, the total kākāpō population is 247, with intensive management efforts to prevent its extinction. The orange-fronted parakeet is Critically Endangered, the kākā is listed as Vulnerable, and the kea is classified as Endangered. 

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References:

1 Science Direct: Why Birds are Smart (Onur Güntürkün, Roland Pusch, Jonas Rose)

2. Kennedy and Draper, 1990, van Hoek and ten Cate, 1998, Engebretson, 2006, Gaskins and Hungerford, 2014

How to ensure your elderly dog lives a Good Life as we head into winter

As winter arrives on our doorstep, ensuring the comfort and wellbeing of our senior dogs becomes even more crucial. Here's how you can help your elderly dog live their best life during the colder months.  

As winter arrives on our doorstep, ensuring the comfort and wellbeing of our senior dogs becomes even more crucial. Here's how you can help your elderly dog live their best life during the colder months.  

When is a pet classified as being senior or mature? 

There’s no firm age when a dog goes from being a mature adult to becoming a senior, as the timing varies greatly depending on your dog’s breed and size.  

A small breed dog's lifespan is typically longer than a large breed and can be up to about 16 years. So, a small, healthy dog might not be considered a senior until they are 12 years old. Whereas larger dog breeds tend to have shorter lifespans, meaning they enter their golden years more quickly. A Labradors ’typical lifespan is about 12 years, so they are considered to be senior at around eight to nine years old. Gorgeous giant breeds, such as the Bernese Mountain Dog, would be considered seniors around four to five years old. 

However, the aging process involves reliable signs across breeds.  As our pets age, they show changes in appearance, such as grey hairs, changes in the way they move, as well as reductions in their hearing and visual abilities.  Even if a senior pet does not outwardly appear old, changes will be happening internally, such as their immune and digestive systems. These changes in their physiology lead to behavioural changes which might include altered interactions with the family, confusion about familiar places, changes in sleeping patterns, and toileting accidents.  

Apart from the normal behavioural changes associated with slowing down due to the aging process, there are also age-related complications and disorders which become more likely. These include mobility issues such as stiffness in limbs which may be a sign of arthritis and should be addressed with your vet.  

How does the winter weather factor into this?  

• Temperature regulation: Older pets often struggle with temperature regulation – in the heat or the cold. In winter they have a harder time maintaining their body heat, making them more susceptible to the cold. Aging can lead to changes in the skin and coat, exacerbating the issue, as dry, brittle fur and skin can reduce the effectiveness of their natural insulation.  

• Reduced mobility and stiffness: Cold weather can also exacerbate arthritis and joint pain, making it harder for senior dogs to move around comfortably. Stiffness and discomfort are more pronounced in colder temperatures, leading to reduced mobility and increased pain. Poor circulation is common in elderly dogs, which can make it difficult for them to keep their extremities warm.  

• Weaker immune systems: Senior dogs typically have weaker immune systems, making them more vulnerable to illnesses and infections that are more common in the winter months. Cold weather can also put additional stress on their bodies, further compromising their immune response. 

• Reduced physical activity: Cold weather can discourage older dogs from being active, leading to a more sedentary lifestyle. This reduction in activity can contribute to weight gain and a decline in overall health and mobility. 

Essential winter care for aging canines 

So, what can you do to cater for your elderly companion? 

• Keep them warm: This is the first and most obvious action.  Ensure their living areas and warm and draft-free and provide warm bedding, that might also be orthopedic or memory foam beds to support their joints. Be sure that any heaters are safe and cords cannot be chewed or tripped over by your dog. It may also be appropriate to dress your dog in a warm sweater or coat when going outside, depending on if you dog is happy to wear these. You might protect their paws from cold and ice by using dog booties, which can also prevent slipping. 

• Home modifications: There may also be home modifications you can do to assist your elderly companion, such as using ramps for getting on furniture or in and out of the car, and toe grips to prevent slipping on hardwood floors.  

• Modify exercise: A shorter walk routine might also suit your animals, helping to avoid strenuous activity but also limiting prolonged exposure to the cold. Instead, you could look at increasing enrichment activities to compensate for less walks.  

• Address mobility issues and pain management: Helping senior dogs with mobility issues can improve their quality of life. Veterinarians can advise on the best approach to pain management, which may include pain medications, joint supplements, acupuncture and laser therapy, physical therapy or possibly surgical options. 

• Regular Health Monitoring: Senior dogs benefit from more frequent veterinary visits— ideally twice a year. Monitor their daily routine closely and consult your vet about any significant changes in behavior or health. Specialised diets and supplements may also help manage the effects of aging. 

• Adjust your expectations: Gradual loss of hearing and visual ability can often be confusing and somewhat distressing to your older dog.  Older animals generally gain much comfort and security from being with their owner. These changes in personality might include behaviours such as following the owner around the house, being distressed when left alone, being frightened of the unfamiliar and needing more reassurance.  

 A Good Life for an older animal requires that you cater for their changing needs. It is important to recognise and respond to cognitive decline in your elderly pet. Senior dogs can suffer from cognitive dysfunctions, similar to Alzheimer’s in humans, causing disorientation, house training regression, altered sleep and activity levels, and changes in social interactions. Address behavioral issues early and consult a veterinarian and/or a veterinary behaviorist if you are concerned about this being a problem. 

Finally - provided they receive the care they need as they move into their senior years, your older dog may stay spritely and active for some time to come. The most important elements to keep in mind are regular and timely veterinary care, appropriate nutrition and exercise to their age and health status, and of course mental stimulation.  

By addressing these needs and making necessary adjustments in relation to the weather, you can help your senior dog enjoy their golden years comfortably and healthily, ensuring the best possible quality of life.

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Microchip myth-busting!

There are a lot of myths out there about microchipping and registration of pets, so we decided to use the month of May to bust many of them! 

Firstly, what is a microchip? A microchip is a small device about the size of a grain of rice implanted in your companion animal. The microchip holds a unique number that needs to be registered to a database and associated with your details – this unique number can be read using a microchip scanner by an Approved User (including Vets, SPCA and many animal rescues). 

Microchipping then registering your animal is an important part of responsible ownership. The NZ Companion Animal Register (NZCAR) was created by Companion Animals New Zealand as a database to hold microchip information with guardian details and has over 1.3 million animals on it. The NZCAR helps lost pets get home to their worried families. 

Now let’s get to the myth-busting! 

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1: MYTH: Microchips have GPS / can track location  

FACT: A microchip is not a GPS or tracking device, so nobody can track your pet's location via the microchip for any purpose, whether this is to attempt to steal them or to help recover them if they become lost. Microchips are passive and only ‘activate’ in the presence of an appropriate scanner (which will read the microchip number). 

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 2. MYTH: My dog is registered with the Council (National Dog Database) so doesn’t need to be registered with the NZCAR  

FACT: The National Dog Database (NDD) Council registration and the NZCAR serve different purposes. The NDD is mandatory and helps monitor dangerous dogs. The Dog Control Act 1996 mandates registration of dogs over three months old with local councils. These details are accessible only by Council staff.  

Our NZCAR is voluntary, created to provide a national database of all microchipped pets, accessed by Approved Users (such as vet clinics and SPCA), so that found pets can quickly be returned home.

It is extremely important that new dog owners understand these differences so that they can make an informed decision for their pet. Check out our handy 'differences' graphic here: https://www.animalregister.co.nz/.../A4-Database... 

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 3. MYTH: The microchip itself holds guardian information  

FACT: A microchip contains only a unique number which can be read using a microchip scanner. That number must then be associated with the guardian's details in a database such as the NZCAR in order for that microchip to be used to get the pet home. Once an animal is found they can then be scanned by more than 900 Approved Users around NZ to see if the animal has a guardian associated with them. 

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 4. MYTH: The Guardian's personal information is exposed via the microchip itself (anyone could access details)  

FACT: A pet’s microchip number is linked to their guardian’s details on a secure database (such as the NZCAR). NZCAR Approved Users can only search the database by microchip number so they must have your pet and approved access to NZCAR, in order to find your details. Any time you log into your account, you can review the details that would be visible, should your animal be found and scanned by an Approved User of the NZCAR. We take privacy seriously and recently had an independent assessment confirming our system is very secure. 

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 5. MYTH: Registration is automatic. An animal's microchip is immediately registered to a database when it is implanted 

FACT: Registration is not automatic to any databases. Even your veterinary team, SPCA or local council will need to manually enter your pet’s microchip number into their own system at the time of implantation.  

Most veterinary teams will begin the NZCAR registration process for their clients, but it's important to expect an email from the NZCAR. This will tell you that registration is successful AND ask you to log in to ensure your details have been entered correctly and to complete all remaining fields (you can even add a photo of your pet!). 

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 6. MYTH: Vet clinics can access each other’s systems so it is not important to register on the NZCAR 

FACT: Veterinary clinics can only access their own clinic’s client information and animal data. If your pet were to go missing and their microchip number was only stored on your vet clinic’s system, your pet would need to be taken to your vet clinic in order for them to contact you. What if your pet wandered to the next neighbourhood, or a kind citizen picked up your pet and took them to their vet across town?! Having your pet registered on the NZCAR means your contact details can be accessed by over 900 Approved Users all around NZ – including all vets, SPCA and many animal rescues. 

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7. MYTH: Implanting is painful/unsafe 

FACT: Placing a microchip is a very common procedure. For many species, the microchip is implanted under the scruff or the skin of the neck and does not cause any more than slight discomfort – the same as anyone would feel if they received an injection! 
It is important that your animal is microchipped by a vet or trained professional to ensure the microchip is located and implanted correctly (which varies between species). This professional will know how best to restrain your animal, before and after care, and correct implantation technique to ensure the safety of your animal.  

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8. MYTH Microchips cause long-term health issues  

FACT: Microchipping has an established, long-term health safety record. While it is not possible to claim that a reaction to an implanted microchip will never happen, microchipping is considered a safe procedure endorsed by veterinary professionals, and as such, the likelihood of your pet experiencing an adverse reaction is very low.  

The benefits of having your pet positively identifiable (and therefore increased chances of being reunited with them should they become lost), far outweigh any rare and unlikely negative health impacts associated with the procedure. 

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9. MYTH Only cats and dogs can be microchipped 

FACT: The NZCAR has over 1.3 million animals registered of many species! These absolutely do include cats and dogs, but also horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, cows, turtles and more! If you have an animal that, should it go missing, you would like linked back to your contact details – microchip and register them on the NZCAR. Ask your vet today about ensuring ALL your beloved companions are microchipped and registered. 

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So, there we have it! Nine of the most common myths around microchipping. If your pet is not microchipped, getting one implanted is quick, easy and affordable. Give your local vet clinic a call and ask them about booking an appointment or adding the procedure to an existing appointment. You could also reach out to a mobile vet/nurse in your area that may provide this service in your home. You can view a list of approved implanters here. 

 Microchipping is an essential part of responsible pet ownership. Read more about it on our NZCAR website: animalregister.co.nz.

Local cat bylaws – what is required, and where, for our feline companions?

From our last big report in 2020, we found there were over 1.2 million cats in New Zealand with 41% of households being home to at least one cat. Cats are the most popular companion animal in the country.

As the conversation around responsible pet ownership continues to gain momentum, local cat bylaws are being introduced in cities and districts across the country. It can be hard to keep up with what is happening where, so we’re giving you a summary here. 

We are cat fans! 

It is important to state at the outset that Companion Animals NZ is committed to ensuring that companion cats are able to live a good life.  Countless studies have shown the benefits of the human-animal bond for cat owners and for cats. But, we also know that cat management in NZ is a contentious subject, and people can confuse the term 'cat management' with being ‘anti-cat‘.  

Our organisation is all about ensuring animals are able to have a Good Life being cared for by responsible guardians. We consider microchipping and registration to be a key component of this – which is why we are supportive of local government cat bylaws seeking to promote responsible cat ownership and community engagement on these matters. We also know it is very important to ensure responsible pet ownership is at the forefront of discussions and, for cats, this means addressing the unique challenges they pose for our country in order to ensure we maintain social license to keep them as companions – now and into the future. 

As custodian of the New Zealand Companion Animal Register we also clearly want to ensure as many companion animals, including cats, are registered on our national database as possible. By ensuring that as many pets as possible are accounted for in this manner, we enhance the chances of reuniting lost animals with their owners swiftly and efficiently. This not only reduces the distress experienced by both pets and their families but also alleviates the strain on animal shelters and rescue organisations. 

What are bylaws? 

Local government body bylaws relating to cats are rules designed to address the unique challenges associated with managing the domestic cat population, while ensuring the welfare of both cats and native wildlife.  

One key reason for local bodies implementing these bylaws is to mitigate the impact of domestic cats on New Zealand's native biodiversity. Cats, as efficient hunters, are considered to pose a significant threat to native bird species, reptiles, and small mammals. By regulating the roaming habits of domestic cats through bylaws such as mandatory microchipping and registration, local authorities aim to reduce the predation pressure on vulnerable wildlife populations. A second reason is to limit the impacts of overpopulation to communities – resulting in unowned strays exhibiting problematic behaviours. 

Some local bodies also have provisions for things such as how many cats can be kept, but for the purpose of this article we are focusing on desexing and microchipping mandates. We’re not covering containment here, but we have posted an article about keeping cats indoors already here, if you’d like to know more about whether cats can live a Good Life indoors. It is also worth noting that local bodies recognise the exemption to desexing for registered breeders, or if a registered veterinarian certifies that undergoing the procedure will place the cat at unnecessary risk. 

Where are there bylaws currently? 

Here are the bylaws currently in place – some for cities and some for districts – from North to South.  

• Whangārei District Council: requires all cats to be desexed and microchipped by six months of age and registration to the NZCAR (see full bylaw page 7) 

• Ruapehu District Council: their Animals bylaw requires all cats more than six months old to be microchipped and desexed and registered to the NZCAR (see more here) 

• Whanganui District Council: Animals will have to be desexed and, before they are 4 months old, microchipped and registered to the NZCAR. Cats kept for breeding purposes are exempt (see full bylaw here section 8) 

• Manawatū District Council: The Manawatū District Council's Animal Bylaw 2019 came into effect on October 10, 2019 states that every person who keeps cats must ensure cats over six (6) months are de-sexed (unless kept for breeding purposes and are registered with a nationally recognised cat breeders’ body).  (See full bylaw here page 9) 

• Palmerston North City Council: Cats over six months of age need to be microchipped and registered with the New Zealand Companion Animals Register, or other Council approved microchip registry. Cats over six months are required to be desexed (unless kept for breeding purposes and are registered with a nationally recognised cat breeders’ body including New Zealand Cat Fancy Ltd. and Catz Inc.). (see full bylaw here page 7) 

• Hutt City Council: As of 28 March 2024, the Control of Animals Bylaw now includes a section on the Keeping of Cats, which requires owners of cats over 12 weeks of age to ensure the cat is microchipped and registered on the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR); and desexed (unless kept for breeding purposes and registered with a nationally recognised cat breeders' body) 

• Wellington City Council: All domestic cats over the age of 12 weeks must be microchipped and the cat's microchip registered with New Zealand Companion Animal Register. Owners must ensure the microchip information is kept up to date. All domestic cats over six months must be desexed, unless they are kept for breeding purposes and the owner is a current registered breeder with a recognised New Zealand registering body, (read full bylaw here, part 10) 

• Selwyn District Council: All domestic cats over the age of four months in Selwyn district must be microchipped and registered with the approved microchip registry New Zealand Companion Animals Register (NZCAR). Doing this is the best way to ensure your lost pet gets home (read more here) 

What bylaws are on the horizon? 

Other Councils actively considering bylaws relating to microchipping and desexing, as at May 2024, are: 

• Nelson City Council  

• Tasman District Council 

• Buller District Council 

If you do have companion cats, it is important to keep abreast of changes in your area and know you are likely to be able to have your say in a public consultation period.  

Why is this an important conversation right now? 

With Predator Free 2050 set to be reviewed this year with the potential to add feral cats to the mix, the conversation around managing cats and discussing potential confinement measures will only increase. This can be a very controversial and heated topic as, understandably, cats are beloved family members. The conversations are nuanced – there is a pressing need to balance protecting cats, responsible cat ownership and protecting biodiversity also.  

There have been calls from various animal welfare groups for a National Cat Management Act, asking the Government to take a leadership role in supporting comprehensive cat management, including requirements for cats to be microchipped, registered, and to be desexed unless they are registered breeding animals. Just last year, an Environment Select Committee’s recommendation to Parliament was in support of addressing the problems with cat overpopulation in New Zealand. The report called for national legislation involving mandating the desexing and microchipping of companion cats. 

The purrtinent discussion 

By encouraging cat owners to microchip and register their pets, authorities can better track and manage the domestic cat population within their jurisdiction. These bylaws also serve to address concerns related to public health and nuisance behavior associated with cats. By regulating issues such as stray and feral cat populations, cat breeding practices, and the management of cat waste, local authorities aim to create safer, healthier, and more harmonious communities for both residents and pets alike.  

Through collaboration between local governments, cat owners, animal welfare and conservation groups, these bylaws have the potential to create a more sustainable and compassionate future for all inhabitants of Aotearoa. This ‘one welfare’ approach is one we support, which recognises the interconnectedness of animal welfare, human wellbeing, and the environment. 

Related articles:

Should we keep cats indoors?

In recent years, there has been a noticeable shift in society's attitudes towards cats, particularly concerning their safety and environmental impact when allowed to roam outdoors. But can we realistically give them a Good Life indoors – and if so, how? 

The way we live is changing, and that has implications for both us and the cats with which we share our lives. Increased urbanisation means more of us are living in apartments with limited outdoor access. With growing awareness of the dangers posed by predators, traffic, and disease, coupled with the detrimental effects of outdoor cats on native wildlife populations, conversations surrounding the importance of keeping cats indoors have gained traction.  

The New Zealand cat conversation 

Some animal welfare organisations and pet owners are increasingly advocating for indoor lifestyles for cats, emphasising the provision of enriching environments and stimulating activities to ensure their needs are being met.  

In New Zealand, the National Cat Management Strategy Group (NCMSG) has extensively reviewed cat issues in New Zealand and recommend comprehensive cat management, including requirements that companion cats be desexed and microchipped (with microchip details registered) and kept on the owner’s property. This, combined with a review of the Predator Free 2050 strategy this year set to discuss inclusion of feral cats, will mean the “cat conversation” is only going to become more prominent.  

It’s important here to distinguish between the three categories of cats – companion, stray and feral. While we are addressing only companion cats here, the conversations about all cat categories inevitably impact opinions on each. 

What’s fueling the indoor trend for pet owners? 

Some people are making the decision to keep their cats indoors some or all of the time, usually overnight, particularly as urban environments become busier and traffic increases. In fact, research suggests that internationally, the major concern for most cat guardians is the risk posed by busy roads. 

Cats are also more likely to be kept indoors if they are pedigree, getting older or their carer is worried they may get lost (which is why microchipping your cat is essential and, if possible, using visible identification too). 

For some, the shift to keep cats indoors signals a desire to mitigate the negative ecological consequences associated with free-roaming felines.  

Can an inside-only feline live a Good Life? 

Interestingly, there is still a lot we don’t know about how people seek to provide positive environments for cats in our homes. This means there is more to learn about how being indoors affects cats both behaviourally and psychologically.  

However, there are a number of ways that we can improve the wellbeing of our companions if they’re indoors. There are also signs to look out for that may tell us whether our cats are enjoying their inside time or if we need to make some changes to their environment to maximise positive experiences.  

If you’re considering an indoor lifestyle for your cat, it's important to remember that all cats are individuals. Some will happily live indoors, or even choose to remain inside when access to the outdoors is available.  Others may be less adaptable - there is no one-size-fits-all approach. 

Baby steps... 

If your cat is already living with access to the outdoors but you want limit that for some, or part of the day, it’s important you don’t take an “all or nothing” approach. Much like people, cats will prefer to take a gradual approach to major lifestyle changes. Try bringing them in for short periods, gradually increasing duration over time.  

Make sure that time indoors is linked to positive experiences like play, cuddles, favourite treats or even just some quiet time. What they think is positive is dependent on your cat's individual preferences and personality. At first your companion may hang out by the door or increase how much they meow, so try distracting them with something fun and engaging. But, if this doesn’t settle down after a few weeks, “strictly indoors”, may not be the best option for your cat. In these instances, some people may choose to keep any future companion cats inside (exclusively or for the most part) from a young age instead so there is little adapting required for that animal.

Watch their waistlines 

As for many of society’s companion animals, obesity is rising as access to treats and good nutrition increases. This can be made worse by an indoor lifestyle which tends to be more sedentary. There are a few things that we can do to minimise this risk, although it can be hard to resist feeding our pets when they enjoy it so much.  

• Make sure that you keep a record of your cat’s weight after visits to the vet and check for any consistent rises.  

• If you provide lots of treats make sure that you deduct these from your daily feeding. Like lollies, they aren’t an everyday food and can be treated as “instead of” rather than “on top of” meal portions.  

• Measure your cat’s intake and aim to feed according to their weight. All pet food packages come with recommended feeding amounts based on your cat's weight, and sometimes even their lifestyle. Some cats will graze little and often, but others will eat everything you put out in one sitting. Following the manufacturers guidance may take a little extra time, but it’s the best way to ensure there is enough, but not too much. 

• Provide an interesting environment. This will promote activity and, as we all know, good exercise helps keep everyone fit and healthy, cats included. You can think of cats as living in a three-dimensional play space. Unlike us, they can fully utilise vertical space, so make sure there are places to climb, jump and rest - complexity is key. Try introducing new toys and climbing spaces regularly or swapping them around because novelty increases time spent playing and exploring. 

Setting the right scene 

If a cat is brought indoors, remember that a lot of the things they used to do outside they now need to do indoors. This means making sure there is access to fresh water. Many of us don’t know that cats prefer to drink away from where they eat, so provide the two some distance apart rather than a combined food and water area. 

Enrichment for indoor cats should be aimed towards engaging them in activities that provide for their behavioural needs.  Elements of the normal hunting behaviour of cats for example, such as stalking and pouncing, can be satisfied through use of cat toys that may also provide stimulation for their specialised sensory capabilities such as sight and smell.  

These are highly motivated behaviours that if unable to be expressed in some form or another may lead to the animal developing problem behaviours or abnormal responses. Providing for safe and more acceptable expressions of what are normal behavioural needs for cats will go a long way towards enabling cats to live a good quality of life, even when they may not have access to the outdoors or natural outlets for their behaviours. 

Of course, you don't need to use store bought toys. Feel free to get creative - many cats happily play with house hold items, like rolled up tin foil ball or a cardboard box with holes in it that encourages exploration.

Also make sure that the litter tray is somewhere quiet and, if you have more than one cat, there needs to be more than one litter tray. Change it frequently so there are no accidents, as cats prefer their toileting areas clean. It’s important to note that, if accidents are occurring frequently, there may be other issues that require a visit to the vet. These could include kidney or bladder issues or even the onset of senility in older cats. 

Give them quiet comforts too 

Not all cats enjoy the hustle and bustle of a busy household. If you have young children or other pets and notice your cat is frequently absent, they may not always be comfortable in the main living space.  This doesn’t mean they can’t live indoors, it just means that you have to provide a quiet and private space where they can relax undisturbed.

Although it can sometimes be hard if we want to socialise with our cats, we need to respect their choice to be alone, and let them have their quiet time. However, if they are always hiding this could be a sign that things are too stressful and we may need to consider if an indoor lifestyle is the right choice for them.  

If you have more than one cat you should also monitor them. Cats are described as “semi-solitary”, so they don’t always get on with one another. Look out for signs such as being protective of food or spaces such as doorways, or even just never being in the same space at the same time. If they don’t seem to be getting along, you may need to provide additional private spaces to allow cats to navigate the house without bumping into one another too often. It’s also recommended to have one more food and water bowl than you have cats (so three bowls if you have two cats). 

The final word  

Ultimately most cats can adapt to an indoor environment if we take time to make sure the house meets all their needs. This means a Good Life is possible indoors under the right circumstances.  

With discussions around indoor cat care becoming more prevalent, it is equally important to continue raising awareness around the needs of our companions so they can live the Good Life they deserve with responsible, loving guardians. 

Charity to hold national events to safeguard New Zealand’s horse population

EQuiChip® is a community event involving microchipping and registering horses on a national database, helping protect equine welfare in New Zealand through positive identification.  

Founded by Companion Animals New Zealand in 2023 following the catastrophic events of Cyclone Gabrielle, EQuiChip® was first held in the Hawke’s Bay and Wairarapa communities with more than 200 horses microchipped and registered.  Last year's weather events saw a heightened awareness of the need to identify all companion animals – including horses – and take proactive measures in preparing for unforeseen circumstances such as national disasters, biosecurity threats, or theft.  

Six EQuiChip® events will be held this year between May and November in Taupō, Cambridge, North Auckland, West Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch – with the first in Taupō on 26 May. The 2024 series aims to microchip and register between 400 and 500 horses.  

Professor Nat Waran, Director at Companion Animals New Zealand, says the return for a second year of events marks a pivotal moment for horse welfare in New Zealand. 

“Microchipping is an inexpensive and permanent method for identifying animals and is common practice in New Zealand for cats and dogs,” says Professor Waran. “What we are keen to promote is that equine microchipping and registration is also essential for identifying and safeguarding New Zealand's horse population. We are seeing a greater recognition among horse owners, and equine industry bodies alike, of the need for permanent identification and traceability – for not only reuniting animals with their owners when lost, but also mitigating biosecurity risks and the aftereffects of national emergencies. This improves welfare outcomes for animals and their owners.

“The latest microchips can even measure a horse's temperature at the chip implantation site, offering a safe and quick alternative to traditional methods.” 

Events will occur primarily on Saturdays or Sundays and are managed by Companion Animals New Zealand in partnership with local veterinarians, equine organisations and volunteers. The cost for horse owners will be minimal compared to regular microchipping costs, encouraging as many horse owners to come along and ensure their animal is easily identifiable now and into the future.  

The process, akin to a routine vaccination, involves the insertion of a microchip the size of a grain of rice, into the horse's neck by a veterinary professional. The microchip number is then linked to the horse and owner details on the New Zealand Companion Animal Register. Approved Users (vets, SPCA, animal control officers etc.) carrying universal scanners can easily read the chips, aiding in swift identification and contact with the registered horse owners/guardian’s details associated with the horse – even in emergencies. Animals that are registered have been found to be three times more likely to be reunited with their owners.  

“While Companion Animals New Zealand facilitates the creation of the events, we are an animal welfare charity and we rely on generous sponsors, the local equine community and veterinary clinics to deliver them,” continues Professor Waran.  “EQuiChip® is a testament to collective efforts towards ensuring the well-being and safety of horses across New Zealand. We hope many more areas will opt to host their own event and reach out to us to be guided on how to do so!” 

For further information, event bookings, and queries about hosting an event, please visit www.companionanimals.nz.  

Giving your donkey a Good Life

Donkeys possess a unique blend of qualities that make them exceptional companions.  Alongside their basic physical and environmental needs related to appropriate food, water, shade and shelter, providing a Good Life for donkeys can present challenges that may be underestimated by prospective owners. We explore what it takes to give them a Good Life in this article. 

To better understand donkeys, it is key to look at their history. Donkeys have evolved from desert environments and many of their natural behaviours reflect this harsh environment; from how they find food, to how they form social bonds – and even how they express pain. 

Dr Amy McLean, Assistant Professor of Teaching Animal Science in California, works on the World Donkey Breeds Project and outlines the way in which donkeys express their behaviours. 

“We can think of a donkey as an economist,” says Dr McLean. “They are quite frugal in how they expend energy – likely stemming from their desert history – but that’s not to say they don’t enjoy company and various types of forages. Donkeys have specific dietary and environmental requirements that differ from those of other domestic animals, requiring careful attention to their nutrition, shelter, and socialisation.” 

Group dynamics 

Very importantly, a donkey does need friends. Being social animals they have evolved complex communication systems. Studies have investigated their vocalizations, body language, and social dynamics and the way they communicate with each other and with humans. This means that social opportunities are essential for a positive mental state, and donkeys should not be kept alone. 

The social structure of donkeys in a wild setting is considered territorial but it’s not uncommon to find donkeys living in small groups, usually a jenny, a female donkey with several generations of her offspring. 

Jennies and geldings tend to form close bonds with other donkeys and humans. This is not to say that jacks don’t enjoy company of other donkeys, but they may be more selective in who they allow in their territory. Some jacks may display more dominant behavior, so it is important to choose a friend wisely and monitor how they interact.  It is also not uncommon for domestic jacks and gelding donkeys to be friends.  

Enrichment opportunities 

Donkeys need mental stimulation – they have an excellent memory and problem-solving abilities and learn well through observing a demonstrator donkey. Their superior behavioural flexibility allows them to solve puzzles and tasks often better than horses. This might also be helped by their long memories and ability to remember individuals, locations and the solutions to various puzzles of tasks. This is why an enriched, complex environment is important for keeping a donkey occupied and feeling good.  

Some ways you can enrich the environment for donkeys is by adding scratching posts, a soft place to roll in the dirt or sand and enrichment tools such as balls and toys.  

“Many donkeys are very expressive with toys and will play with balls and other stimulus items,” continues Dr McLean. “You will see your donkey enjoying its play time and you can test which enrichment items they prefer based on their interactions.  

“Also, consider if you can eat ice cream every day then it may not truly be a treat or fun after a while, so the same with your donkey, supply the enrichment tools at various times throughout the day to provide the additional stimulation and then remove the item after a short duration of play time (30 mins to an hour) otherwise the enrichment item may lose its luster.” 

Donkeys like to forage 

Donkeys are often compared to horses, but they have a lot of differences. Thinking about a desert, there’s limited green grass and the donkey would have to walk, search and taste to see if the food source is palatable. Green pastures do appear to be ideal for horses but not for donkeys. Donkeys can easily become obese on the smallest amount of grass and an overweight donkey does not equal a happy donkey,so it can work to limit grazing to early mornings. 

Dr McLean suggested keeping your donkey companion entertained and happy by simulating a more natural feeding scheme. 

“Donkeys express browsing behaviors, which allow them to seek out certain plants or even acquired tastes.  In a taste preference study we conducted years ago, we found our group of former wild donkeys collected from the Nevada range to prefer the most expensive offering of concentrate and top dressed with herbs such as oregano.  

“If you are considering how to keep your long-eared friend happy, I would suggest offering your donkey stemy forage or even brush to nibble on, provide browsing opportunities and even a tree branch (from a safe source of trees). This will encourage your donkey to walk, investigate and seek food stuffs, versus offering all its meals on a silver platter.” 

Avoiding the negatives 

If you happen to have a donkey that is overweight and you are considering options for improving their health, think about slowly taking off the weight and going on donkey hikes and walks while slowly changing their routine and nutrition. 

“It is important to note that a donkey can get very sick if they drop weight too quickly and this can lead to a condition called hyperlipidemia which causes the liver to shut down. Many donkeys may also become depressed and sad when wearing a grazing muzzle, so consider alternatives to this for grazing. 

“The same can happen if your donkey becomes very stressed. So, any changes in the donkeys’ regular routines, life or even transport should be done thoughtfully and carefully. Donkeys may appear to be strong and stoic, but they are actually very sensitive, and they don’t start to communicate with us that they are not feeling well until often times it’s too late.  

“When trying to look for discomfort in your donkey consider looking at the overall body posture, ear position, eyes (are they bright or dull), the tightness of their eye and their upper and lower lips. These areas will help tell you more about how your donkey is feeling and just think about what a happy donkey looks like- ears forward or alert, eyes bright, slight smile to the lips and back and legs are in a straight and proud position. “ 

The loving touches 

Donkeys enjoy attention as well, so getting to know what attention your donkey enjoys is key.  

“Speak kindly to your donkey and do use your voice, scratches, and petting to understand where they really enjoy touch, such as scratching the inside of the ears and the base of the tail. You can also test different brushes when grooming your donkey to help create and maintain your donkey-human interactions and bonds.  

“Your donkey will communicate with you what he/she likes by leaning into you and once you create this special bond with your donkey expect more vocalization when you come home or whenever your donkey sees you,. You will likely be greeted by a happy donkey expressing their contentment through a bray! 

“Last but not least, consider providing a loving name for your donkey so every time you see and interact with your donkey and its donkey friend, your voice will smile when you say its name and your donkeys will pick up on the joy and will respond with positive donkey emotions.”  

  Donkey companions embody loyalty, resilience, and affection, making them cherished companions for those fortunate enough to share their journey. 

Dog Anxiety Awareness Week

Dog Anxiety Awareness Week takes place from 6-12 May this year. This is a great time to shed light on the multifaceted aspects of canine anxiety; a common emotional state among dogs which requires attentive care and support. 

In the realm of pet behaviour, the terms "anxiety" and "fear" often overlap, yet they carry distinct meanings crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Anxiety, unlike fear, stems from an anticipatory sense of threat, triggered by contextual cues rather than immediate danger.

Recognising and addressing anxiety in our furry family members is pivotal for their wellbeing and ability to have a Good Life. 

What can cause anxiety? It’s important to get to the root cause of the anxiety in order to address it. For example, it could be related to being separated from the owner – where the root cause is likely to be ‘over-attachment’ - this is something that has been reported to be common in dogs that have been rehomed repeatedly. Alternatively, it could be triggered by specific events like fireworks, initially causing fear but evolving into anxiety due to the inability to locate or control the source.

Having an understanding of the reason for the anxious response goes a long way to helping to resolve it and improve dogs’ quality of life. 

What are the tell-tale signs of anxiety in dogs? 

Anxious dogs and cats exhibit a spectrum of behaviours signalling their distress. 

1. Behavioural changes: Dogs experiencing anxiety may exhibit alterations in their behaviour patterns. This can include increased arousal levels, hyper-vigilance, hesitation or inhibition in completing tasks, restlessness, and heightened locomotor activity (moving the body through space from one location to another). Additionally, they may display behaviours such as pacing, excessive barking, or compulsive actions. 

2. Physiological symptoms: Anxiety often manifests in physiological responses in dogs, including increased heart rate and respiratory rate. Excessive panting, trembling, or shaking are common physiological signs observed during anxious episodes. 

3. Changes in interaction: Anxious dogs may demonstrate differences in their social interactions. They might display over-attachment behaviours towards their owners, seeking constant reassurance or physical contact, especially during stressful situations. 

4. Toileting issues: In cases of separation anxiety or heightened distress, dogs may exhibit inappropriate toileting behaviours indoors, such as urinating or defecating inside the house. This can serve as a visible indicator of their emotional state. 

5. Destructive behavior: Anxiety can lead to destructive behaviours in dogs, such as chewing furniture, digging, or scratching excessively. These actions often occur as a coping mechanism or outlet for their heightened emotional arousal. 

6. Withdrawal and Avoidance: Some anxious dogs may exhibit withdrawal behaviours, seeking isolation or hiding in secluded areas. They might also display avoidance behaviours, attempting to escape or avoid situations that trigger their anxiety. 

7. Excessive vocalisation: Anxious dogs may vocalise excessively, manifesting as whining, howling, or barking beyond typical communication needs. This vocalisation can serve as an expression of their distress or an attempt to seek attention or relief. 

 What to do if you think your dog has anxiety? 

To all the pet owners who find themselves navigating the complex world of canine anxiety, we commend you for your unwavering dedication to your companion animal’s welfare. Recognising the signs of anxiety in your dog is a testament to your attentiveness and empathy as a guardian.  

It's essential to acknowledge that while your love and concern are invaluable, you can't be expected to be the sole expert in deciphering and managing your dog's anxiety. Treating anxiety-related behaviours requires a nuanced understanding of their underlying triggers. Seeking help from trained professionals is a proactive step towards ensuring the best possible care for your beloved pet.  

Veterinarians and Certified Animal Behaviorists play a pivotal role in diagnosing, treating, and managing anxiety-related concerns in pets. Their guidance, alongside tailored treatment plans, empowers pet owners to address behavioural challenges effectively. Once diagnosed with the help of a trained professional, a comprehensive approach involving medication and physical activity proves most effective in managing canine anxiety, as untreated anxiety can have long-lasting mental and physical health complications. 

What might an expert address? 

Depending on the root cause of anxiety, there are various strategies that can be used to help your animal’s specific needs: 

1.  Behaviour modification techniques: Implementing behaviour modification techniques based on positive reinforcement can help dogs learn to cope with anxiety triggers. Desensitization and counter-conditioning techniques gradually expose the dog to anxiety-inducing stimuli in a controlled manner while pairing them with positive experiences, such as treats or play, to change their emotional response. 

2. Environmental enrichment: Enriching the dog's environment with toys, puzzles, and interactive activities can provide mental stimulation and alleviate boredom, which can contribute to anxiety. Additionally, creating safe spaces, such as cozy dens or quiet retreats, where the dog can retreat during stressful situations can help them feel more secure. 

3. Regular exercise and mental stimulation: Engaging in regular physical exercise and mental stimulation through activities like walks, play sessions, and training exercises can help reduce anxiety by promoting relaxation and releasing endorphins, which are natural stress-relievers. 

4. Consistent routine: Establishing a consistent daily routine for feeding, exercise, playtime, and rest can provide dogs with a sense of predictability and security, reducing anxiety related to uncertainty or change. 

5. Nutritional support: Some dietary supplements and specially formulated foods contain ingredients that may help support canine mental health and reduce anxiety. Consultation with a veterinarian can help identify appropriate dietary interventions for anxiety management. 

6. Medication: In severe cases of anxiety or when other interventions are insufficient, prescription medications may be necessary to manage symptoms. Medications can help alleviate anxiety and improve the dog's overall wellbeing. However, medication should always be used under the guidance of a veterinarian and as part of a comprehensive treatment plan. 

If you have specific concerns, we recommend speaking with your vet or reaching out to an accredited professional to assist you and your animal. You can see a list of Companion Animal New Zealand’s accredited professionals here. 

Is my pet happy?

Expert blog: Professor Nat Waran 

As pet owners, we've all wondered: Is my pet truly happy? While the debate surrounding animal emotions has been ongoing for centuries, recent scientific inquiry sheds light on this intriguing topic. 

Most animal owners would agree that there are times when it certainly appears as if their companion animals are happy or content – such as when they are sunning themselves in the favorite place or in the company of their preferred group-mates. 

But how can we really tell? Might we just be applying our human lens of happiness to our pets? 

The debate about whether animals have emotions similar to humans has been topical for centuries, and scientists have traditionally been reluctant to investigate what was thought to be an unscientific area until relatively recently. 

What pet owners think 

In a recent independent survey commissioned by Companion Animals NZ, 81% of dog and cat owners stated that it was important to them that their pet was happy.  

Respondents outlined the common barriers to providing pets with what they might need as work/life commitments, cost of living, not having enough time and lack of information about animal emotions.

Most pet owners felt their pets were quite happy and when asked about what made them happy, top of the list was food, closely followed by being groomed and interacting with their humans.  

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What makes you happy? 

Before jumping in, there are some big questions asked. What are animal emotions? Do animals experience ‘happiness’ as we do, and if so what makes our animals happiest? How can we provide them with what they need to experience positive emotions? 

Emotions can be broadly defined as innate, intense but short-lived responses to an event that has behavioural, physiological, subjective (sometimes referred to as the ‘feeling’), and cognitive components. Often hard to ‘read’ in animals other than our own species, they are inferred through changes in behaviours and physiology associated with them. 

Starting with humans...In humans, it has proved difficult to measure happiness – just as it has with negative emotions such as pain and sadness too. For most humans, we rely on verbal information; people telling us how they feel. Assessment of happiness is through rating happiness levels on tried and tested scoring scales. In fact, there are often ‘tables’ produced of the happiest places in the world where people have the best quality of life based on people who were surveyed ranking according to standardised criteria.  

Research into positive emotions in humans tells us that there are many different views on the causes of happiness, but most people agree that being happy relates to having pleasurable activities, good social relationships, feeling engaged in life and feeling as if life has meaning or purpose. Happiness is perceived as a positive state of mental wellbeing and is correlated with having a good life. 

What if we can’t say how we feel?  It gets even more challenging when dealing with non-verbal humans (for example babies) and animals. Emotions are elusive and personal and difficult to access, especially in animals.  

We now know that similar central and peripheral neural mechanisms which are involved in emotion in humans are also found in animals, and indeed we know that many animals will actively seek resources and situations which we assume provide them with a pleasurable experience and will avoid situations that might be assumed to be negative.  In short, they want to avoid things that make them feel bad, and are attracted to things that make them feel good -  just like us! 

Seeking positive experiences also offers clear survival advantages. For instance, when animals display behaviors associated with positive emotions, like relaxation or pleasure, during social interactions such as mutual grooming, it signals to others in the group that their actions are favorable. This encouragement can immediately reinforce behaviors that are not only enjoyable but also contribute to long-term health and well-being. 

Whilst it’s true that animals can’t directly tell us what they are feeling, they do express their emotions through their behaviour including choices they make and various postures. It’s important that pet owners are well versed in these species specific behavioural indicators of positive and negative emotion to ensure their animals are enjoying positive welfare. 

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What science can tell us about animal happiness 

Recent research on animal happiness has identified key behavioral indicators for assessing their quality of life. These include: 

• levels of play behavior 

• social interactions / affiliative behaviours 

• body language cues 

• certain vocalisations.  

By focusing on these indicators, known as animal-based welfare indicators, pet owners can better understand their animal's emotional wellbeing. This allows owners to prioritise the emotional experience of their animal, regardless of the context they are operating in.  

For example, whether a cat is kept indoors or outdoors, owners can assess their pet's happiness by observing behaviors such as a gently waving tail, a relaxed purr, calm demeanor, interest in surroundings, and relaxed grooming. These positive behaviors suggest that the cat is likely experiencing happiness or contentment required to have a Good Life, similar to how humans feel when their needs are met for a fulfilling life. 

A new area of research involves the link between specific neurotransmitters and behavioural indicators of positive emotions in dogs and cats. Various studies have shown that increased oxytocin concentrations normally associated with ‘attachment’ and positive feelings described by humans as ‘love’ or ‘happiness’ are found when animals exhibit highly affiliative behaviour, including ‘gazing’ at their owners, or when animals are reunited with their owners.  

So why is being happy important? Happy pets are healthier pets. 

Many authors writing about happiness in humans argue that positive emotions benefit long-term health and there are biological markers that can be used to show this. For example, in one study1 it was shown that there was an association between human well-being and three biological markers: heart rate, cortisol and plasma fibrinogen levels (hormones used for measuring stress in humans and animals). Interestingly, the people who rated themselves the least happy had cortisol levels that were 48% higher than those who rated themselves as the ‘most happy’.  

While we don’t yet know whether being happy or content leads to the same results in our pets, we do know that being distressed and experiencing high levels of stress hormones or showing lots of stress behaviours are associated with lowered immune defense and consequently a greater incidence of illness. So, keeping our animals happy or in a positive mental state is a good way to keep them both physically and mentally healthy.  

Finally –it’s clear that happy pets make happy animal guardians. Our survey results show that people really care about whether their animals are happy and trying to make them happy, with 36% of owners believing their pets could be happier. People’s plans for improving their pets’ lives included spending more time with them, playing more with them and providing them with greater mental stimulation using toys and enrichment.  

Companion Animals New Zealand is committed to providing owners with the knowledge and tools to enable their pets to live fulfilling lives, addressing challenges associated with recognising emotional expression in animals and harnessing the science of human behaviour change to promote positive welfare outcomes for our pets in New Zealand. 

 
If you want to learn more about our work please have a look at our website: https://www.companionanimals.nz/    

1. SEE Böckerman, P., Bryson, A., Viinikainen, J., Hakulinen, C., Hintsanen, M., Pehkonen, J., Viikari, J. & Raitakari, O. (2017). The biometric antecedents to happiness. PLoS ONE   

Video: Professor Nat Waran on her work with International Equine Ethics and Wellbeing Commission

At the recent International Society for Equitation Science (ISES) conference at Cambridge, New Zealand, in March 2024, Professor Nat Waran from Companion Animals New Zealand spoke about the work she led in developing a proposed welfare strategy with a new vision of a Good Life for Horses in Sport.

As Chair of the independent Equine Ethics and Wellbeing Commission set up in June 2022 by the FEI (the international governing body of equestrian sports), Nat led the 10-person Commission who were tasked with developing a final report with recommendations to safeguard equine welfare and the future involvement of horses in sport.

Watch her summary of this work in the following video.

Are we over-rugging our horses?

As the weather cools at this time of year and we start to feel the cold, there is an often misplaced perception among many horse owners that their animal must also be getting cold and will need to be rugged. But before dashing out to cover our horses up, it's worth considering if this is actually the case? Or are we making them “too hot to trot”? 

Over-rugging can be problematic for horse comfort and wellbeing. It is important to know how to strike the right balance for our climate and the needs of your individual horse.

Our New Zealand climate  

New Zealand has a diverse climate. While it ranges from subtropical in the far north to temperate in the south, it also includes extremes and microclimates in the coastal and mountainous regions. Our country’s weather patterns are heavily influenced by our maritime location and mountainous terrain, resulting in variable conditions throughout the year. Winters can be chilly – especially in the southern regions – but much of the country enjoys mild temperatures for a significant portion of the year.

We are great at planning our own outfits for NZ’s variable weather, but it can be tricky to interpret how our horses experience the same conditions. It is important to remember, horses don’t feel the cold in the same way that we do. The temperature range that a healthy adult horse will feel comfortable in, where they can regulate their own body temperature is between 5°C and 25°C.   

Research suggests that horses only begin feeling the cold below 5°C . That’s well below when we throw on a jacket. Horses are extremely efficient at regulating their body temperature, which they do by eating more forage, seeking shelter, reducing the blood flow to the limbs (to reduce heat loss), increased movement and shivering. As winter approaches, a horse will naturally grow their coat in response to the shortening day length. Therefore, although well intentioned, putting a rug on when the horse’s body has already started prepping for winter, may be negative for their health and wellbeing. 

The risks associated with over-rugging:  

• One of the primary concerns with rugging is overheating, particularly during periods of mild or fluctuating weather or when horses are highly active. Under normal conditions, horses will actively respond to cold or hot temperatures by seeking shelter or shade. Unfortunately, the horse cannot escape from a rug (easily) and so cannot regulate their own temperature.  

• Sadly, there are some horse owners who choose to keep a rug on their horse 24/7. When horses are constantly covered, their skin may become sweaty and damp, creating an ideal environment for skin issues such as dermatitis and fungal infections. In addition, they will miss out on the benefits of sunlight on a large part of their body and research shows that this can affect the level of the Vitamin D the horse needs for remaining healthy.  

• Rugs aren’t a natural attire for a horse. They don’t always fit well and can be too tight or too loose. They can also impede the horse’s free movement and reduce some of the benefits horses get from natural behaviours such as rolling and grooming each other. In addition, when the weather is nasty, rugs sometimes leak and can become heavy when wet and muddy. They need to be regularly checked for comfort and dryness, and a spare rug should be available for these circumstances.  

So - when is a rug needed? 

First and foremost, not all horses require the same level of protection. Factors such as age, breed, body condition, and health status, coupled with the environmental conditions, and access to feed and shelter, all influence a horse’s tolerance to cold temperatures. Older horses or those with underlying health issues may benefit from additional insulation, whereas younger, healthier horses may do well with little to no coverage. If a horse has little body fat (a fat score of less than two on a scale of 0 to 5), a rug will be needed if temperatures drop. The horse’s legs, ears or face are not the best areas to indicate how cold they are, instead their neck, withers and body temperature should be assessed. 

There is no strict rule for NZ’s conditions. 10°C is a good benchmark for when rugging could be considered (but not necessarily implemented for the reasons given earlier). For instance, research shows that horses with a thick winter coat, can comfortably tolerate temperatures well below freezing (0°C) without the need for rugs, especially if they have access to shelter from the elements and good quality feed. The latter supports the horse by providing them with adequate energy to stay warm. Conversely, horses that have been clipped, or those moving from warmer too cooler climates and therefore not acclimated nor equipped with a thick coat, may benefit from rugging to maintain comfort and prevent chilling. 

After taking into account your horse’s individual needs, the next step is to consider the weather conditions they will encounter. Autumn brings cooler nights followed by warm days. Therefore, a rug might be appropriate at night, but should be removed during the day. Autumn daytime temperatures can soar to nearly 20°C in some areas and if it's not possible to remove the night rug, the horse will be too hot. Even a light cotton rug challenges a horse’s ability to thermoregulate as temperatures rise; one Australian study showed that whilst the cotton rugs intended to reduce fly irritation might serve that purpose, they also resulted in heat stress in horses when the temperatures were above 25°C.  

Letting horses decide 

Researchers in one creative study taught horses to ‘vote with their muzzles’; the horses learned to touch symbols which represented whether they wanted their rug on or off. ¹ Interestingly, no horse preferred a rug on when experiencing temperatures above 20°C. Even at 10°C the horses showed a preference for ‘no rug’, however this was dependent on other weather conditions, such as wind and rain together (opted for the rug) or more sun (opted against the rug). In addition, older horses were more likely to choose a rug on when temperatures reduced. While we can’t all enrol our horse in a preference study, we can take note of the research related to horse preferences and observe what our horses are doing. Are they seeking shade, even when we feel comfortable? Is their coat hot or damp under their rug? Are they breathing more than they would on a cool day? (An adult horse’s normal resting respiratory rate is around 8 – 16 breaths a minute). If you notice any of these signs, take note of the weather, and try removing the rug when conditions are similar.  

Concluding thoughts 

Reevaluating our approach to horse rugging in New Zealand demands a nuanced understanding of our diverse climate and the individual needs of our equine companions. The risks associated with over-rugging emphasise the importance of striking the right balance between protection and allowing horses to regulate their body temperature naturally.  

With temperatures varying across the islands and seasons, there's no one-size-fits-all rule for rugging horses. Instead, horse owners must consider factors such as coat thickness, health status, age of horse and prevailing weather conditions to make informed decisions. By staying attentive to their horses' cues and consulting with equine professionals, we can ensure the well-being and comfort of our equine partners while navigating the complexities of New Zealand's climate. 

If you have specific questions about your horse’s health, speak to your vet.

1 - Study: Horses can Communicate Blanketing Preferences – The Horse 

Survey shows more than a third of cat and dog owners think their pet could be happier

New Zealanders love their pets, with 4.35 million pets of many species gracing our homes. Aotearoa has one of the highest cat ownership rates in the world – at least 40% of households have at least one (meaning there are approximately 1.2 million domestic cats). Around 34% of us are thought to own dogs, that’s 850,000 all up.  

A recent survey, commissioned by us here at Companion Animals New Zealand, consisted of a robust sample size of more than 500 dog and cat owners in New Zealand who were asked a range of questions around how they perceived their pet’s happiness.  

Among the key findings were: 

• While most participants felt their pet was quite happy, more than a third of cat / dog owners (36%) thought their pet could be happier, and when looking at just dog owners, this rose to 43%.  

• 4% of people either weren’t sure, or didn’t think, that their pet could experience emotions (3% were not sure and 1% didn’t think their pet could experience emotion). 

• 81% said it was important to them as pet owners that their cat or dog was happy. 

• 90% said it was very important to them that their pet was healthy. 

• Topping the list of what was perceived to make pets happy was food (closely followed by grooming and the company of the pet owner.)  

• Topping the list of what was perceived to cause sadness were things such as aggression/loud noises/shouting, as well as being ill or the pet being left alone.
  

“At Companion Animals New Zealand, we believe that positive welfare for our pets starts with us, the humans.”

— Professor Nat Waran

Professor Nat Waran, Director of A Good Life Centre within Companion Animals New Zealand, says gauging how people perceive animal emotions is a critical component to improving pet welfare. 

“The fact that 4% of owners in this survey didn’t know, or didn’t believe, that their pet experienced emotions is quite a startling find,” says Professor Waran. “New Zealand was among the first countries to recognise and enshrine animal sentience into law in August 2015 – yet there are people who still don’t think their own pet can experience emotion at all. 

Professor Nat Waran

“At Companion Animals New Zealand, we believe that positive welfare for our pets starts with us, the humans. We do these surveys without judgement. We know that understanding people’s beliefs and opinions will allow us to develop the best educational opportunities for sharing what’s needed to give animals a good life.” 

Through its new initiative 'A Good Life for Animals Centre,' Companion Animals New Zealand, will be helping define what a “Good Life” for pets is exactly. This endeavour marks a significant shift from focusing solely on minimising negative experiences for animals to embracing a positive approach. Through the Centre, Companion Animals NZ will harness the science of human behavior change to promote positive animal welfare outcomes. 

“Our understanding of animal happiness may not always match reality as we tend to view their emotions through a human lens, leading to potential misunderstandings,” finishes Waran. “Therefore, we emphasise the need for evidence-based criteria to define happiness accurately and develop practical methods. Our goal is to empower animal guardians in Aotearoa with the knowledge and tools for their pets' fulfilling lives, addressing challenges like recognising the behaviours that tell us about happiness and sadness to enhance awareness and education across New Zealand." 

Companion Animals New Zealand plans to collaborate with various animal groups nationwide, including SCPA, rescue groups, and MPI, to ensure a comprehensive approach to pet welfare.  

The national charity is widely recognised for managing the largest pet microchip database – the NZ Companion Animal Register (NZCAR) - which boasts 1.3 million registered pets and over 900 authorised users. The register plays a vital role in reuniting lost pets with their guardians, particularly during natural disasters. 

The public is invited to engage with Companion Animals NZ's research and initiatives, sign up for updates, and support the organisation's mission of promoting positive pet welfare. 

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Survey highlights

Emotions: 

• 96% of participants believe their pets can experience emotions, while 1% do not believe so, and 3% are unsure. 

• The most commonly attributed emotions to pets are happiness (91%), fear (92%), excitement (87%), and worry/anxiety (82%). 

• Cats are perceived to experience emotions differently than dogs in some categories (e.g., 97% of dog owners felt their pets could feel excitement, while 82% of cat owners shared the same feelings about their cats). 

Happiness  

• 42% think their pets are very happy most of the time, and 54% believe they are quite happy. 

• 81% consider their pets' happiness to be very important. 

• Interactions with company their owners (86%), being talked to (79%), being groomed (88%), playing (81%), and being provided with food (93%) are considered major contributors to pet happiness. 

• Factors perceived as leading to sadness or unhappiness include being alone (52%), illness (69%), loud noises (62%), negative interactions with people (57%), and aggression from other animals (71%). 

• 36% of participants think their pets could be happier. 

Health: 

• 90% consider their pets' health very important. 

Potential Improvements 

• Participants’ plans to improve their pets' lives include spending more time with them (25%), playing more with them (22%), and providing more mental stimulation (37%). 

Barriers  

• Common barriers to meeting pets’ needs include work/life commitments (29%), cost of living (24%), not having enough time (9%), and lack of information about animal emotions (7%). 

Survey methodology: Insights HQ (previously Camorra Research) carried out this survey on behalf of Companion Animals New Zealand. They ran an online survey with a total of 539 pet owners across New Zealand to understand current behaviours and attitudes.

For more information or media enquiries contact rebecca@companionanimals.nz

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The special relationship between pets and their humans

As we celebrate National Pet Day, it's the perfect time to reflect on why having a pet is not just joyful but also incredibly beneficial for our health and wellbeing. Pet ownership goes beyond companionship; it can have significant positive effects for both the animals and their human companions.  

Research has shown a myriad of health benefits associated with having a furry or feathered friend at home. In this article, we'll explore some of these benefits and delve into how pets contribute to a healthier and happier life for everyone involved. 

One Health - One Welfare: It is increasingly being recognised that the health and welfare of animals and humans are closely linked, with both pets and their human carers gaining positive outcomes from the special relationship they share.  

 Benefits for humans 

Physical health

Interacting with pets like dogs, cats, rabbits, rodents, horses, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians can significantly benefit human health, both physically and mentally. 

For instance, dog owners tend to be more physically active due to activities like walking, leading to better overall health measures such as lower body mass index.

Similarly, owning a horse can improve physical fitness through the dynamic interaction between rider and horse, engaging different muscle groups and requiring energy for care activities.

Moreover, owning pets, especially dogs, has been linked to improved cardiovascular health, including lower resting heart rates, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and reduced risk of cardiovascular problems. While it's essential to note that these associations may not imply causation, as healthier individuals may choose to have pets, the benefits are notable. 

CAT-TASTIC

The benefits of cat ownership are widely recognised, particularly in New Zealand, where 44% of households own at least one cat. These benefits include social enablement, as cats can provide companionship and improve the quality of life for the elderly by offering emotional support. Cats also serve society as working animals, aiding in tasks such as pest control on farms and providing occupational therapy.

While cats can have negative impacts on ecosystems, they also play a role in controlling pest species like rodents and rabbits, thus benefiting the environment by preventing excessive damage caused by these pests. A wider debate about cat management is one for another article, but we can conclude from research that for humans and cats alike – our company can be mutually beneficial. 

Mental health

Pets also offer significant mental health benefits by providing companionship, comfort, and routine. They can help reduce depression and anxiety, promote a sense of calm through activities like petting, and encourage daily routines for those struggling with motivation. For many, pets serve as reminders to care for themselves, nudging them to stay active and engaged.  

Importantly, ownership in the traditional sense is not necessary to promote human wellbeing. Interactions with ‘shared companion animals’ (like horses at riding schools, camps, or at ‘riding for the disabled’ programs) have been shown to promote dramatic physical and emotional benefits for the people spending time with these animals.  

Additionally, pets play a crucial role in combating isolation and loneliness, especially for older adults or those living alone. Walking a dog can lead to social interactions with other dog owners, fostering connections and reducing feelings of isolation. Being outdoors with pets, particularly dogs and horses, also exposes individuals to nature, which is known to positively impact mental wellbeing. 

Living longer?

Owning a pet could even help you live longer! One study with over 400 participants found that dog owners had better survival rates after 12 months compared to non-dog owners. Additionally, research indicates that patients undergoing therapy with dogs experience reduced pain scores and quicker recovery. 

Positive impacts of animal interaction on childrens’ learning 

Studies have suggested potential benefits for children with autism, developmental disorders, or those who have experienced abuse. Dogs have been shown to improve communication skills in children with developmental delays and increase environmental awareness. Additionally, horseback riding has been linked to improved behavior ratings in autistic children. Animal-assisted therapy has also been found to reduce traumatic symptoms in children who have experienced abuse. 

Pet ownership appears to support learning in two specific areas: developing empathy and emotional skills, as well as performing well in school-related responsibilities. 

 Benefits for animals 

Here are some key ways in which pets experience health benefits from being cared for by their human companions: 

• Physical exercise: Dogs, in particular, benefit from regular exercise such as walking, running, and playing fetch. This physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight, strengthens muscles and joints, and improves cardiovascular health. Cats also benefit from play sessions that keep them active and agile. 

• Mental stimulation: Interaction with humans provides pets with mental stimulation, preventing boredom and behavioral issues. Activities like training, puzzle toys, and socialising with other pets or humans contribute to their mental wellbeing. 

• Emotional bonding: The bond formed between pets and their owners promotes emotional stability for the animals. Pets thrive on companionship and affection, which boosts their overall happiness and reduces stress levels. 

• Healthcare monitoring: Regular visits to the veterinarian for check-ups, vaccinations, and preventive care ensure that pets receive necessary medical attention. This proactive approach to healthcare helps detect and address potential health issues early on. 

• Nutritional needs: Responsible pet ownership includes providing balanced nutrition tailored to the specific needs of each pet. Proper diet and access to fresh water contribute to their overall health and vitality. 

• Safe environment: Pets kept in a safe and secure environment, free from hazards and dangers, experience a higher quality of life. This includes protection from extreme weather conditions, toxic substances, and potential accidents. 

• Social interaction: Pets that interact with other animals or humans in a positive environment develop social skills and confidence. This can be beneficial, especially for animals like dogs that thrive on socialisation. 

• Preventing abandonment: Responsible pet ownership includes commitment to the long-term care of the animal. This reduces the likelihood of pets being abandoned or surrendered, ensuring they have a stable and loving home throughout their lives. 

So there we have it! On this National Pet Day let’s ponder the mutually beneficial relationship that enhances the lives of both humans and animals.  Through this interconnectedness we can provide a holistic approach to caring for animals, addressing their physical, mental, and emotional needs and in turn, get many of our own needs met also. 

England Introduces Mandatory Microchipping for Cats

A Step Forward in Responsible Pet Ownership

In two months’ time on 10 June 2024, a new milestone in pet welfare legislation is set to take effect in England. Under this mandate, all cat owners will be required to have their feline companions microchipped. This initiative marks a significant stride forward in safeguarding the well-being of cats and elevating the standards of responsible pet ownership. 

Microchipping has long been recognised as a valuable tool in pet identification and reunification efforts. Unlike collars and tags, which can be lost or removed, microchips provide a permanent form of identification that is tamper-proof and cannot be misplaced. This added layer of security not only increases the likelihood of lost cats being returned to their homes but also serves as a deterrent to pet theft. 

There are an estimated 4.35 million pets in New Zealand total with over 1.1 million of these being companion cats. Currently, the NZ Companion Animal Register (NZCAR) has more than 1.3 million pets registered, with more than 700,000 cats registered. Proportionately, there are more companion animals in New Zealand than anywhere in the world, other than the United States. 

Companion Animals New Zealand General Manager David Lloyd says, beyond the practical benefits of microchipping, this legislation sends a powerful message about the responsibilities that come with pet ownership.  

“Microchipping and registering your animal is a proactive step which shows a commitment to their welfare and safety, so we commend this step taken in England” says Mr Lloyd. “Registering animals on a national database, like our NZ Companion Animal Register, links your details to your pet's microchip, you are ensuring that they can be readily identified and returned to you if they become lost or stray.”   

Microchipping is required for all dogs registered in New Zealand, with the exception of working farm dogs. Having your companion cat microchipped in New Zealand is optional. However in 2023, an Environment Select Committee’s recommendations to Parliament supported a nation-wide cat management framework, which would see almost all cats being desexed and microchipped.  

Additionally, just last week, Hutt City Council voted to introduce "chipping and snipping" rules for domestic cats. The Control of Animals Bylaw now includes a section on the ‘Keeping of Cats’, which requires owners of cats over 12 weeks of age to ensure the cat is: 

• Microchipped; 

• Registered on the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR); and 

• Desexed (unless kept for breeding purposes and registered with a nationally recognised cat breeders' body; or deferred if a registered veterinarian has determined it would negatively impact the cat’s health and welfare) 

This decision follows the likes of Wellington, Palmerston North, Whangārei, Whanganui, Ruapehu and Selwyn in implementing local cat bylaws. 

“While we don’t know the next steps from a national perspective following last year’s recommendation from the Select Committee, we are certainly keen to work with local government when they make decisions like Hutt City has, and are always promoting the animal welfare benefits of microchipping,” continues Mr Lloyd. 

“Microchipping helps animals get home faster which means they’re at less risk of becoming sick or injured or without care for lengthy periods. It is so important animal guardians keep their details up to date if they move or change circumstances. We hope that more people opt into microchipping  their animal – regardless of mandates - because of how it can protect their animal and reunite them if they become separated. ” 

Read more about the legislation in England.

More EQuiChip® events coming soon!

In 2023, a series of four equine microchipping events were held in the Hawkes Bay and Wairarapa communities following the catastrophic events of Cyclone Gabrielle. Following the incredibly sad event, EQuiChip® was born.

EQuiChip® became our national equine microchipping campaign founded and trademarked by us here at Companion Animals New Zealand. Equine microchipping is fundamental in identifying and protecting the NZ horse population. In Europe, equine microchipping is now compulsory in most countries and we believe New Zealand will likely follow this trend.

The 2023 series of events were driven by Professor Nat Waran (Director, A Good Life for Animals Centre, Companion Animals New Zealand) and enabled the equestrian community to take positive preventative measures to help reduce some of the risks and stress associated with being unable to identify horses and find their guardians in an unforeseen circumstance (weather event, national disaster, biosecurity threat, or loss of their horses due to theft).

More than 200 horses were microchipped and registered on the Companion Animals NZ national database during the four events and this sparked the idea to take the campaign nationally and trademark it as EQuiChip®. The video footage shown below was taken at one of the Hawke’s Bay events.

2024 events on the horizon

While still in the planning phase, we hope to host events with the help of generous sponsorship at the locations and dates below:

• May/June 2024: Taupō

• July 2024: Cambridge

• August 2024: North Auckland

• September 2024: West Auckland

• October 2024: Wellington

• November 2024: Christchurch

In the 2024 series we hope to microchip and register between 400 and 500 horses across the six events, involving the local equine community and vet clinics - making them very community-driven events.

There are so many benefits of equine microchipping and registration, including mitigating biosecurity risks, helping with proof of ownership and the ability to include body temperature measurements. The process is easy and, similar to a vaccine, the chip is inserted with a needle. No sedation is required in most cases.

We look forward to sharing more soon and confirming dates! If you’d like to know more, contact us at welfare@companionanimals.nz.

Facts about fleas: a timely reminder

While summer typically sees a surge in flea issues, the cooling nights of autumn encourage us to heat our homes, inadvertently creating ideal conditions for flea populations to thrive.  

With a recent incident of a parasite-related dog fatality in New Zealand, it’s an important reminder to dog owners to make sure their pets are up to date with their flea and tick treatment. The parasite Babesia gibsoni was detected in a dog in the Canterbury region this week (read more about the parasite from the Ministry for Primary Industries here). This is the first time it has been detected here, and the focus is on preventing infection is around treating dogs with tick treatments or combined with flea treatments, and limiting fighting behaviour as it can spread via dog bites too. 

Here we dive a little deeper into fleas in particular - which are not the cause of this parasite but which are often forgotten at this time of year.  To combat these pests effectively, it's essential to know some key facts about fleas: 

• Preference for warm, humid environments: Female fleas favour warm, humid places like heated homes for egg development. 

• Life Cycle and Reproduction: Flea eggs are tiny (about 0.5mm) and can go unnoticed. A female flea can lay up to 50 eggs daily and up to 2,000 eggs over her lifetime. Once hatched, larvae hide in fabrics before pupating in a cocoon, which can stay dormant for months until favorable conditions trigger adulthood. 

• Sensory Abilities: Fleas have sophisticated sensory organs, including heat sensors on their antennae, helping them locate hosts based on body heat and carbon dioxide emissions. 

• Feeding Habits: Adult fleas can consume up to 15 times their body weight in blood during each feeding session, lasting from minutes to hours. 

• Remarkable Leaping Abilities: Despite their small size, fleas can leap up to 13 inches horizontally, about 200 times their body length, making them adept at reaching hosts of various sizes. 

• Disease Transmission: While not primary disease carriers, fleas can indirectly spread illnesses like tapeworm infections if ingested by pets during grooming. 

• Allergic Reactions: The most common issue with flea bites is allergic reactions to their saliva, causing itching, rashes, and potential secondary infections due to scratching. 

Given the prevalence of external and internal parasites (worms, fleas, ticks), it's crucial to maintain regular preventive measures.  

Breaking the flea life cycle requires diligence and regular preventive measures, including checking pets for fleas, using preventive treatments, and maintaining clean living areas to reduce infestation risks. Understanding these facts empowers pet owners to protect their furry companions and homes effectively. 

If dog owners are concerned about their pets’ health, their first port of call should be their veterinarian. 

Why do dogs dig holes in the garden?

Of the many lovable traits our canine companions have, digging big holes in the garden is not likely one of them. But why do some dogs love to dig so much? We look into the underlying reasons why this can become their favourite pastime and what you might be able to do about it. 

Let’s cut to the chase. For dogs, digging is an instinctive behaviour. You might know this already in some way – as we see many companion dogs shovelling dirt with their paws as if they were born to transform our carefully tended gardens into excavation sites. But despite looking natural – we still scratch our head thinking Why? What are they getting from this? 

An instinctive heritage 

The ancestors of our domestic dogs dug to create dens or shelters, or to bury food for later consumption, and those that dug well would have been more likely to breed and survive. These ‘hard-wired’ traits are so ingrained, despite having no obvious function in the modern living situation and many, many years of humans domesticating canines to meet our changing expectations.  

Recent genetic studies suggest that domestication of dogs might have taken place earlier than we originally thought. Early zooarchaeological research found evidence of dog domestication somewhere between 12-15,000 years ago. However, DNA analysis highlights that dogs likely split off from their wolf-ancestry around 130,000 years ago! While this doesn’t mean they were companion animals for all this time, it supports that dogs were alongside humans a lot longer than we originally thought.  

That means thousands of years of dogs digging the Earth. In other words, it is one heck of a legacy of survival strategies passed down through generations! 

However in modern times, these hard-wired traits can cause problems for us. So, what can you do? 

Addressing the root causes of digging 

When dealing with unwanted digging, it’s important to remember that whilst often considered as a nuisance for pet owners, digging is a perfectly natural behaviour for dogs – alongside barking, circling before lying down and other distinctive “doggy” behaviours.  

Consider how well adapted their strong front paws are for digging and shovelling, with some dogs (terrier breeds especially) being ‘purpose-bred’ by humans through history for use in digging foxes/rabbits from their dens/burrows. 

To understand why dogs dig holes in the garden, we need to go back to basics. For a behaviour to be maintained, there must be a rewarding consequence for the animal. It could be that a negative situation perceived by the dog is alleviated through doing the behaviour, or a positive circumstance and feeling is enhanced. It’s important to understand the motivation for the digging behaviour, so that it can be effectively and humanely addressed. 

There are a number of possible reasons or underlying motivations for why dogs start digging and why the behaviour is maintained including: 

• Boredom or Anxiety: Dogs may dig out of boredom or to alleviate anxiety and stress. It's their way of coping with excess energy or pent-up emotions. If you prevent digging without providing an alternative outlet or activity that is effective for reducing negative emotions such as stress or anxiety, you will be making the situation worse for the animal. 

• Comfort-Seeking: Digging can also be a way for dogs to create cool spots in hot weather or warmer places during colder periods. So, if digging is connected with temperature changes – this provides a clue to how the behaviour can be effectively addressed. 

• Instinctive Hunting: Some dogs, driven by their prey drive, may dig to unearth little ground dwelling creatures like rodents or insects, using their keen senses of smell and hearing. If you notice that the dog tends to dig most at certain times of the year or in certain places, such as the roots of trees or fence posts – this may be due to them sensing grubs or rodents under the ground. Of course, the rewarding consequences of digging and locating a tasty food item, or the fun of the hunt – means that the digging behaviour will be maintained. 

• Hoarding Instinct: Dogs may hide prized possessions, like bones, by burying them in holes, a behaviour rooted in their instinct to hoard food. This behaviour has stood the test of time through evolution and had important survival value. Although they don’t need to hoard food to eat when food is scarce, some domestic dogs instinctively hide precious goodies. Redirecting the ‘hiding behaviour’ through positive training to a place that is less damaging to the garden, is one way to reduce the dog’s need to dig a hole to bury special food. 

• Attention-Seeking: If digging earns them attention from their human companions, dogs may continue the behaviour as a means of seeking interaction. There’s nothing more rewarding to a social animal like a dog as their human giving them attention, so if a dog learns this works for them – the unwanted behaviour will be reinforced. If this is the possible motivation driving the behaviour, it’s important to ensure that you don’t become the cause! 

• Escape Behaviour:  In some cases, dogs may dig to escape from fenced areas, especially if they frustrated or stressed by being contained due to being left alone for long periods without proper mental and physical stimulation. If this is the reason for the dog to dig, then it’s important to address the behaviour as a symptom of the dog being in a negative emotional state. Training and use of enrichment to make the environment more interesting and rewarding, are two ways to provide a better life experience for the dog. 

Whilst there are many options for deterring or eliminating digging behaviour, understanding the underlying cause is key to managing it effectively and ensuring that the dog continues to enjoy a Good Life.  

Since digging is a perfectly natural behaviour and many dogs appear to love to dig – owners need to think about how they can provide their dog with a suitable alternative, and/or a managed opportunity for them to enjoy themselves.  

A small sandpit as a designated digging area for your dog, will provide him/her with an outlet for rewarding behaviours such as digging and playing in a controlled environment, whilst also sparing the lawn. Reinforcing digging ONLY in that designated area can be through burying dog treats and toys in the soil/sand and giving the dog positive attention when they are digging only in that area.   

The next time you catch your furry friend excavating your flower beds, remember, it's not just a hole in the ground - it's a glimpse into their instinctive world. 

National Puppy Day: why appropriate socialisation and habituation is so important for future wellbeing

23 March is National Puppy Day! Today we celebrate the unconditional love and affection puppies bring to our lives. But how do we turn our love into meaningful actions to set our puppies up for success?

Most people know that a new puppy will bring a great deal of joy to their new human companions – however, did you know that the socialisation a puppy gets in early puppyhood can establish the behaviour patterns they will have for the rest of their lives?  

What is socialisation? 

The process of ‘socialisation’ includes social aspects such as human handling and socialisation with other dogs and animals. It also includes exposure to various environments, objects, and experiences.

Puppies who only have contact with people and pets in their own household during their first few months are likely to be fearful of unfamiliar people and dogs that they encounter later. The aim of any socialisation effort is that it be done in a positive manner, so the puppy gains knowledge, trust and resilience, giving it the education it needs to lead A Good Life, and to be a good canine companion and societal citizen.   

When should socialisation start? 

Before three weeks of age, puppies’ sight and hearing are developing, so they are wholly reliant on their mothers. Nonetheless, even at this young age, puppies that are handled are calmer at eight weeks (barking less and exploring more) compared to those that are not handled. In an ideal world, puppies should complete their vaccinations and be ready to socialise with other dogs on walks or at well-run puppy classes at around 12-weeks old. However, the need for socialisation needs to be balanced with the need to effectively protect puppies from exposure to diseases whilst they are not fully vaccinated and it’s important to be guided by your vet in this area. 

What we do know is that as puppies become less reliant on their mother, socialisation becomes even more important. The experiences (positive and negative) a puppy has during this period have lifelong effects. The period from about three weeks to 14 weeks of age is when the process of ‘habituation’ can take place most effectively. During this time puppies learn that things they are exposed to at a manageable level are normal and do not pose a threat to them and don’t need to be feared. This means that providing the puppy with a range of positive experiences, enrichment toys, handling and safe interactions with fully-vaccinated dogs will all help set him or her up for a great future. 

Of course, as anyone that has raised a puppy knows, continued contact with humans, other dogs and animals, and varied sights and sounds, is important throughout the juvenile stage of life as well, as all these interactions contribute to the way the dog ultimately behaves as an adult.   

 Benefits of socialisation 

Socialisation is a fundamental component to ensuring a dog can lead A Good Life with its human companions. Research has reported numerous benefits of socialisation, including: 

• Positive lifelong bonds and relationships with humans 

• Increased trainability 

• Openness to new places, people, and animals 

• Capacity to cope with stress, like sounds and separation 

• Reduced negative adult behaviours, like fearfulness and aggression 

• Increased positive adult behaviours, like friendliness and the ability to learn tasks  

Considerations  

It is important that the interactions and experiences provided during the socialisation period are appropriate for the age and breed of the dog. For instance, one study reported that exposure to loud noises early in life (particularly not in a controlled manner) resulted in fearful responses to fireworks, gunshots, and thunder later in adulthood.  

If socialisation is aimed at introducing other animals, some breeds innately react differently than others. For example, herding breeds naturally ‘work’ livestock.  

Interestingly, research suggests that more varied stimuli, including some instances of mild stress, will result in the dog being more resilient in adulthood. One study showed lifelong benefits of very short instances of removal from their nest in very early life.  

However, it is important that socialisation is ultimately a positive experience for puppies, so stressors should be just a tiny portion of the socialisation experience. A final consideration is puppy classes. A review of various studies yielded a mixed result; while such classes serve to provide socialisation opportunities for some animals (like those that receive no other exposure to dogs), it’s important that the experience is a positive one for your pup, and it’s likely that they should just be one part of the wider spectrum of puppy experiences in early life.  

 Seeking advice 

Most of us have a reasonable understanding of the people, animals and experiences to which we want to socialise our puppies, but the way to accomplish this exposure in an effective and positive way can be daunting.  

It is best to seek advice and assistance from someone who is accredited for their skillset. You can find accredited professionals on our Companion Animals NZ website page here. Given the importance of your puppy’s early life on their future psychological and emotional wellbeing, as well as yours, seeking advice from a professional trainer at the puppy stage is well worth the investment.  

References:  

1. Gazzano A, Mariti C, Notari L, Sighieri C, McBride EA. 2008. Effects of early gentling and early environment on emotional development of puppies. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 110(3-4):294-304. 

1. Battaglia CL. 2009. Periods of early development and the effects of stimulation and social experiences in the canine. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 4(5):203-210. 

1. Miklósi Á. 2014. Dog behaviour, evolution, and cognition. oUp Oxford. 

1. Howell TJ, King T, Bennett PC. 2015. Puppy parties and beyond: The role of early age socialization practices on adult dog behavior. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 6:143-153. 

Companion Animals in a Changing World – Conference 2024 Wrap

Companion Animals NZ Chair, Steven Thompson, with Hon. Minster Hoggard

On 12 March, more than 120 animal welfare experts, including researchers, advocates and senior figures, gathered in Hamilton New Zealand to discuss the impact of the changing world on our pets. Hosted by Companion Animals New Zealand, this biennial conference serves as a platform to bring together diverse perspectives in animal welfare and foster industry-wide collaboration. 

The day was full of insightful presentations across a number of themes – from our changing expectations and changing climate, to our changing lifestyles and how we can provide a Good Life for our companion animals in a changing world.  

The conference commenced with an inaugural address by the Honorable Andrew Hoggard, Minister responsible for Animal Welfare, who underscored the intrinsic value companion animals hold in New Zealanders' lives. Drawing from personal anecdotes, including the cherished position of his own pets within his household hierarchy, the Minister emphasised New Zealand's steadfast commitment to upholding high standards of animal welfare. 

Keynote speakers included professors and expert practitioners from all over the world, speaking on a variety of topics including: 

•  how societal views and our own lifestyle and behavioural changes have impacted our pets health and welfare (for example, working families and increased incidence of ‘modern’ diseases such as obesity in humans),  

• how research around retired greyhounds in the UK is helping improve the success of efforts to home greyhounds and mitigate their rates of relinquishment, and  

• how the environmental footprint of pet management including breeding, veterinary procedures and pet food production should be considered into the future.  

Also covered was the mutual benefit of the human and animal relationship and research around how we can measure an animal’s emotional experience to ensure it enjoys mostly positive emotions and has a good quality of life. 

Professor Nat Waran of Companion Animals New Zealand reflected on the  insights gleaned during the 2024 Companion Animals Conference, emphasising the important role this event holds as a catalyst for meaningful, forward focussed dialogue. She highlighted the importance of recognising our impact on companion animals and their welfare,  and cautioned against imposing human interpretations on their experiences. 

Waran remarked, "One key takeaway for me personally ist he need to view animal welfare through a lens devoid of human biases. Often, our perceptions of what constitutes a positive experience for animals may not align with their reality. As our understanding of the importance of positive human-animal relationships grows, so does our recognition of the ethical responsibilities we have towards them and their maintenance in our society." 

Expressing gratitude to the diverse array of speakers whose contributions enriched the conference, Waran spoke of the collaborative spirit that drives progress in animal welfare. She noted, "These gatherings foster an environment of sharing  and learning, paving the way for a more enlightened and compassionate approach to caring for our cherished companions to ensure they experience a good quality of life." 

Following on from the Conference day, the gala dinner saw the announcement of four incredible winners of the Assisi Awards, recognising animal welfare excellence.  The conference was also attended by participants online from various countries via a live-stream link.

Plenary and invited talks will soon be made available to the public via companionanimals.nz. Companion Animals New Zealand would like to thank all the sponsors who made this event possible – outlined below.