Is purring always a sign of happiness in cats?

In our recent survey 92% of cat owners told us that they view their cat purring as a sign that they are happy or in a positive state of mind. Cats vocalise to communicate with others and express their internal states.

Whilst its true that cats do purr when they are content or happy – there are also other situations when purring might take place. It’s important, for ensuring a good quality of life for our cats to be able to recognize the different meanings for each type of purr. 

What is a purr?

Not all of the cat family can purr. This wonderful sound is only found in domestic cats and some wild cats. Purring involves specific anatomical and physiological mechanisms. The sound originates from the rapid contraction and relaxation of the muscles within a cat's larynx (voice box), which causes the vocal cords to separate creating a wonderful sound that is both rhythmic and consistent.

What we now know is that cats purr not only when they're happy and content but also when they're frightened, in pain, or stressed. This varied purpose suggests that purring serves to help them cope with various emotions.

Why do cats purr?

For the most part cats purr as a way to communicate their emotional state whether positive of negative.

What we now know is that cats purr not only when they're happy and content but also when they're frightened, in pain, or stressed. This varied purpose suggests that purring serves to help them cope with various emotions.

What benefits does purring have?

There are a number of other benefits to purring which help in whatever situation that prompted it, including:

1. Self-calming: because it is sometimes performed by cats experiencing stressful situations, purring is thought to help lower stress and induce a calmer state of mind for the cat.

2. Social bonding: purring encourages maintenance of positive relationships. For example, The mother cat (queen) purrs during labour, which is thought to try to relieve discomfort and she will purr after her kittens are born enabling the kittens to follow the vibrations she makes towards the teats. Kittens begin purring when they're just a few days old, and this seems to help maintain the connection with the mother cat (queen) that is needed for kitten survival. Cats also purr to maintain significant human relationships too.

3. Specific meaning conveyed through the different sounds of the purr: the frequency of a cat’s purr can vary, and some cats learn to purr when they’re hungry or want human attention.

4. Healing properties: Researchers believe that a neural oscillator in the cat's brain sends signals to the laryngeal muscles, causing them to twitch at a rate of 25 to 150 vibrations per second (Hz). This is the range associated with many healing processes. This may be why purring is thought to promote tissue regeneration, and bone growth/fracture healing. Some studies also suggest that exposure to these vibrations can help reduce pain and inflammation, potentially speeding up recovery from injuries (see Muggenthaler, 2001). Other research suggests that people who own cats also have a 40% lower risk of heart attacks than non-cat owners, and blood pressure has been shown to be lowered in owners after interacting with their purring cats. This may be due to the reported calming effect that purring has on owners of cats (Ravenscroft et al., 2021). 

““Having the cat sitting next to me purring is always quite calming” ”

— (from Ravenscroft et al., 2021)

How can you recognise the different reasons for Purring?

Paying attention to the situation or context and the cat's body language when its purring can help you interpret the meaning behind their purrs more accurately!

There are various underlying motivations associated with purring in cats. Examples include:

1. The purr of contentment: this is a deep, steady purr that usually occurs when a cat is relaxed and comfortable and can be seen when they’re being stroked and when resting in a preferred area.

2. Solicitation purring: a learned behaviour that has been reinforced by the cat owner, is a higher-pitched more urgent sounding purr  (often mixed with loud meows) usually associated with begging behaviour, whilst soliciting their human’s attention, or asking for food.

1. The purr associated with anxiety or distress: if a cat is purring while exhibiting signs of distress (like hiding), the purr might sound more erratic or higher in pitch. It is thought that this is the cat’s attempt at trying to reduce their stress and soothe themselves.

2. A pain-related purr: a cat in pain may purr quietly and intermittently. The purr might be softer and less rhythmic and sound subdued.

Purrs have different meanings depending on the context and motivation of the cat. Distinguishing between the different sounds (pitch, intensity and frequency) helps owners to understand the underlying emotion being experienced by the cat (Figure from McComb et al., 2009) 

So the next time you hear your cat purring, have a look at the context he/she is in (hiding, sitting looking straight at you, resting on your knee) and consider the rest of their body language (tail movement, posture, facial expression) to ensure that you have a full appreciation of whether this is the sound of a happy, sad, stressed, painful or attention-seeking cat, so that you can provide them with what they need from you to ensure good welfare.  

EXPERT Article written by:

Professor Nat Waran,

Director of A Good Life for Animals Centre

References: 

Bradshaw JW. (2016) Sociality in cats: a comparative review. J Vet Behav. 11:113-124. 

Bradshaw J, Casey RA, Brown SL. (2012) The Behaviour of the Domestic Cat. CAB International, Wallingford. 

da Silva Garcia, F. A. B., & Martins, D. T. L. F. (2016). Does cat attachment have an effect on human health? A comparison between owners and volunteers. Pet Behaviour Science, 1-12. 

McComb, Karen et al. (2009) The cry embedded within the purr. Current Biology, Volume 19, Issue 13. 

Peters G. (2002) Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals. Mammal Rev. 32:245-271 

Ravenscroft, S. J., Barcelos, A. M., & Mills, D. S. (2021). Cat-human related activities associated with human well-being. Human-Animal Interaction Bulletin 2021. 

Elizabeth von Muggenthaler (2001) The felid purr: A healing mechanism? J. Acoust. Soc. Am.  110 (5_Supplement): 2666. 

Fireworks are fraught with risks for animals

Every year around 5 November, animals across New Zealand are put at unnecessary risk due to the harmful effects of fireworks. Here we discuss the negative impact of fireworks on animals, people and the environment. 

Fireworks are primarily used for recreation and human entertainment, despite the overwhelming evidence that they negatively impact domestic animals, wildlife and the environment. 

Studies, both in New Zealand¹ and internationally² have documented the fear behaviours companion animals exhibit in response to fireworks. The sudden, unpredictable bursts of light and noise cause distress and anxiety in pets³.  

Pet owners frequently report issues such as animals escaping, vocalising, trembling, urinating or defecating, and displaying destructive behaviours during fireworks displays. The negative impact on wildlife is also becoming more widely recognised, with effects that can extend far beyond what we see in our homes and neighbourhoods. 

According to surveys, up to half the pet dog population react fearfully to fireworks⁵,  with over 15% of fearful dogs requiring several days or longer to recover from a firework event. Sadly some dogs (3%) show changes in their behaviour for weeks or months afterwards. 

For our valued pets, fireworks are associated with a range of issues including: 

• Increased stress and anxiety: The loud noises and bright flashes can cause significant stress for pets and wildlife. Animals may react by hiding, fleeing, or displaying signs of panic.  

• Increased fear and disorientation: In response to fear, animals may respond by freezing, hiding or fleeing, depending on where they are in relation to the fireworks. Many animals that are not contained, such as horses, outdoor access cats, rabbits in outdoor hutches and birds in outdoor aviaries as well as wildlife, can become disoriented by the sounds and lights, they may panic and try to escape potentially leading to collisions with structures or other animals.  

• Increased potential for injuries: Animals may injure themselves while trying to escape the noise or become dangerous to handle or cause injury to humans due to their fear responses. In some cases, the strength of the fear response may lead to death. In a New Zealand survey, 26% of horse owners reported increased running in response to fireworks, often associated with fence-breaking and injury⁵. 

• Quality of life disruption: Fireworks negatively affect an animal’s quality of life in the short and sometimes longer term, and for wildlife fireworks may disrupt their breeding and feeding patterns, particularly in birds during nesting seasons. 

So what can pet owners do to help their animals get through this time?  

Short-term tactics 

If fireworks events are imminent, then there are some actions you can take to prepare and provide for your pets safety during the period when fireworks are available for private sale and use. 

• Check your animal’s identification details are up to date: Whether this is their microchip details on our New Zealand Companion Animal Register, their ID tag or collar – ensure there is a way to identify your companion animal if they go missing. 

• Create a safe space: Set up a comfort area in your home where your dog/cat can feel safe during fireworks. Making a cosy den using a blanket, putting the animal’s favourite toys and making use of an item of your clothing to create familiar scents will help to keep the animal feeling secure.  

• Stay with your animal: Make sure that you are with your pet, and you keep your own emotions steady so they are not sensing anything from you and you’re able to help keep them feeling calm and safe.  

• If you can, sound-proof an area of the house: Close windows and doors and use white noise machines, classical music or even air fans to help mask the sound. 

• Other ways to reduce anxiety: There are other options to explore which may or may not work for your animal. For example, canine thundershirts (snug-fitting garments) can provide a sense of security for some anxious dogs, although you will need to test this before you use them during the firework period. Pheromonatherapy may also be useful – this refers to synthetic pheromones to influence the behavior and emotional state of animals, particularly pets. It is assumed to have an intrinsic effect on the emotional processing of animals. Dog Appeasing Pheromone (DAP) plug-in diffusers available through vets, and placed around the house, resulted a reported improvement in dogs’ clinical signs during firework exposure⁶. There is also a feline version available that appears to be useful for reducing stress in cats. 

• Move your animal temporarily if appropriate: Horse owners are usually better advised, if they can, to remove their horses to another property where they know fireworks cannot be heard, however if this is not possible there is some guidance on this site about how to prepare your horse. 

• Consult your vet regarding medication: If you are extremely worried about how you pet’s will cope, and your animal’s fear and anxiety is severe, consult your vet who may recommend short term medication to help your pet manage during fireworks events. 

Longer-term strategies 

For those pet owners who know that they are likely to experience local private firework displays in advance. These involve systematically desensitising pets to the sorts of stimuli associated with fireworks. Studies have shown that owners who spend the time preparing their dogs (and cats) when they are at a young age – will see the benefits for their animals who are less reactive to triggers such as the loud bangs associated with guns, cars back firing and loud fireworks.  

However for those who’s animals have already acquired a fear response there is a need to try to modify their emotional response through a combination of behaviour modification, environmental management, and sometimes medication from the veterinarian.  Effective strategies to be used to prepare and/or manage your animal’s emotional response include: 

• Desensitising through gradual exposure: Start by playing recordings of fireworks at a low volume when the animal is in a calm state, gradually increasing it as your dog becomes more comfortable, but never pushing the animal out of his comfort zone. 

• Use of positive reinforcement: Pairing the gradual introduction (low volume) of the fireworks sounds with treats, toys, or playtime to create positive associations. 

You can also reach out to an accredited professional to provide advice and support for you and your animal during this time. You can see a list of those people accredited by Companion Animals New Zealand here. 

Fireworks are fraught with risks for animals, causing distress, fear, and even physical harm. It’s crucial to recognise these dangers and take proactive steps to prepare ahead of time, helping to ensure your animal's well-being and safety, and allowing them to get through fireworks season with less stress and fear. Your pet depends on you to protect them—let's make sure they feel safe when the fireworks begin. 

References  

1. Dale A.R., Walker J.K., Farnworth M.J., Morrissey S.V., Waran N.K. A survey of owners' perceptions of fear of fireworks in a sample of dogs and cats in New Zealand. N. Z. Vet. J. 2010;58:286–291.  

2. Overall K.L., Dunham A.E., Frank D. Frequency of nonspecific clinical signs in dogs with separation anxiety, thunderstorm phobia, and noise phobia, alone or in combination. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2001;219:467–473.  

3. Gates, MC, Zito, S, Walker, JK, and Dale, AR (2019). Owner perceptions and management of the adverse behavioural effects of fireworks on companion animals: an update. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 67, 323–328. 

4. Riemer, S., 2019. Not a one-way road—Severity, progression and prevention of firework fears in dogs. PLoS One, 14(9), p.e0218150. 

5. Gronqvist, G, Rogers, C, and Gee, E (2016). The management of horses during fireworks in New Zealand. Animals 6, 20. 

6. Sheppard, G. and Mills, D.S., 2003. Evaluation of dog‐appeasing pheromone as a potential treatment for dogs fearful of fireworks. Veterinary Record, 152(14), pp.432-436. 

Horse welfare research in the spotlight

International research delving into horse welfare topics has been brought to New Zealand, as researchers from Companion Animals New Zealand collaborate with international institutions on hot topics such as the use of horses in sport and identifying horse emotions. 

Companion Animals New Zealand is committed to promoting a Good Life for Animals. We invest in research and behaviour change initiatives to improve understanding of animal emotions and share evidence-based knowledge with pet owners and those caring for animals. 

To achieve this, the charity carries out its own research, as well as collaborating with a number of international animal welfare research teams. 

Professor Nat Waran, Director for A Good Life for Animals Centre at Companion Animals NZ, is an internationally recognised animal behaviour and welfare scientist and her work towards improving equine welfare has been extensive. She says working with a global network of animal welfare scientists is vital because it fosters an interchange of diverse perspectives and international comparisons, helping us stay at the forefront of animal welfare advancements and knowledge here in New Zealand.  

“International research collaborations are important for assisting with Companion Animals NZ’s work because they allow us to tap into global expertise and cutting-edge knowledge. By working with world-leading researchers, we can bring valuable insights back to New Zealand and apply them through a local lens, ultimately improving the welfare of our animals here at home.”

— Professor Nat Waran

Horses in sport 

Companion Animal’s New Zealand’s collaboration on equine welfare research projects involves researchers from various countries including; Sweden, UK, Denmark, Brazil and Australia. One of these is a study considering public opinion regarding the use of horses in sport.  It asks about what equestrian events people have watched and/or attended.

It’s being conducted by Pamela Spisak, a MSc Equine Science student at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh.  Pamela is co-supervised Professor Nat Waran, (the A Good Life for Animals Director for Companion Animals New NZ). Information from the work will help add to our understanding of the current level of interest and opinions regarding horse use in sport, of both the general public and those involved in the horse world. CANZ looks forward to reporting on the results once the student has completed the work. 

 This survey is open until 1 November: Public Opinion of Equestrian Sport (jisc.ac.uk)  

 Horse emotions 

Another international equine welfare study we are involved in aims to improve owner knowledge about how horses express emotions. An international animal welfare science team, including Prof Nat Waran, is exploring how horses express their emotions in ANTICIPATION of different handling situations. Reseachers are interested in if they see these events as positive or negative, how intense their feelings are (calm, excited, or somewhere in between), and the various behaviours/facialand body movements horses exhibit to express their emotional state.  

  Participants are asked to spend 25 minutes watching some short video clips and providing their insights. These videos feature horses trained to anticipate four specific human interactions, each designed to evoke different emotional responses. 

 This survey is open until 10 November: https://www.slu.se/globalassets/ew/horses-emotions.html   

 More to come 

Equine welfare studies such as these are crucial because they help capture public and equestrian opinions, attitudes, and experiences, providing valuable insights into how various parts of society view the way horses are managed in different environments and used for different purposes. The results gained from our international equine welfare work will help inform welfare standards, influence policy decisions, and guide best practices to ensure that horses are cared for in ways that prioritise their health, happiness, and wellbeing, with the aim of providing a Good Life for all equids wherever they may live.  

A quarter of pet owners cite high cost of living as challenge to meeting pet’s needs.

More than 3,400 Kiwis shared insights on their pets' happiness and wellbeing as part of a Companion Animals NZ (CANZ) Survey. 

The survey, carried out in July this year, revealed how Kiwi pet owners perceive their pets’ lives and emotions, as well as some of the challenges and concerns they face.  Respondents were part of the community of animal guardians (pet owners) with their animal’s microchips registered on the New Zealand Companion Animal Register.  

98% of respondents completed the survey about either their cat or dog, with a small number of other species such as horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, fish, birds and reptiles.  

Professor Nat Waran, Director of A Good Life Centre at CANZ, says this robust survey provides good information about how Kiwi pet owners perceive their animal’s quality of life.  

“At Companion Animals NZ (CANZ), we're committed to understanding what a ‘Good Life’ means for pets and how we can provide the information and support to ensure the wellbeing of animals across the country,” says Professor Waran. “Key to this is understanding how people currently feel about their pet’s lives. Our charity uses an evidence-based approach, using robust research to inform the development of our education and community-based programmes.”   

Key facts and insights from the survey 

Emotions:

• Whilst 99% of people believed that their animal can experience emotions and 97% of people felt their pets were very happy or quite happy, only 58% of people thought their animal could feel anger. 

• Interestingly, 74% of people felt their animals could be sad – but there was less confidence in recognising this emotional state as compared with happiness. 

• When asked about what made their cats and dogs happy, most people thought ‘their company’ was of key importance to their animal’s happiness. 

• When asked about how they knew their pet was feeling happy, 92% of people believe purring to be a sign of happiness in their cat, and 90% of people believe a wagging tail to be a sign of happiness for their dog.  

Pet owner challenges and concerns: 

• 26% of people stated cost of living was making it hard for them to meet their animal’s needs. 

• Topping the list of the owner’s perceived challenges for cats and dogs was work / life commitments, with 41% of people saying this meant they have to leave their animal alone. 

• Another barrier to providing for pet needs that was high on the list for both cat and dog owners was not having enough information about animal emotions.  

• When animal owners were asked about their worries about their pet, the top three areas were; their pet being healthy, having adequate mental stimulation and not having enough interaction with their owner. 

“It is incredibly valuable to us to understand the viewpoints of such a large number of animal guardians. This will help shape what we do, or provide to help improve companion animal welfare,” continues Professor Waran. 

“We understand that caring for a pet comes with significant financial responsibility, and with the rising cost of living, we know many pet owners are feeling the strain as they strive to provide the best for their beloved companions. We are keen to provide information to pet owners concerning ways to make ends meet, whilst still giving their much-loved companions a good life.” 

Professor Waran says a big focus for CANZ is also helping people better understand their animal’s emotions. 

“This survey found that despite there being a lot more science-based information available about pet behaviour, the time honoured ‘signs’ of animal ‘happiness’ are still very much prominent – with cats purring and dogs wagging tails generally interpreted as sure signs of happiness in a pet. While at certain times and certain situations this can be true, we also now know a lot more about emotional expression in animals and how these two indicators may also be signs of negative welfare such as stress or fear. For animal and human wellbeing, it is important that owners make use of a more nuanced approach when assessing the emotion their pet is experiencing.”  

CANZ are committed to supporting owners to enhance their understanding of the emotional life of their pets through sharing credible information. An example of this is the series of free webinars run recently with our CANZ Accredited animal behaviourists and trainers – on a number of topics from pet aggression to recognising when animals are in pain. The recordings of these videos collectively received more than 2,500 views. 

CANZ is grateful to all of the animal guardians who responded to the call for information about their pets, and the results of this survey will shape upcoming educational programmes and resources designed to address the challenges and concerns raised by pet owners. 

 Media contact:

Rebecca Cameron
Marketing and Communications Manager
Email: rebecca@companionanimals.nz
DD:  +64 21 555183

Two EQuiChip® Events complete!

EQuiChip® is a community initiative dedicated to improving equine welfare through microchipping and registering horses on the NZ Companion Animal Register for positive identification. Our 2024 series has already successfully hosted events in Taupō and Cambridge, and we are eagerly anticipating the upcoming events.

Founded by Companion Animals New Zealand in 2023 after Cyclone Gabrielle, the first EQuiChip® events were held in Hawke’s Bay and Wairarapa, microchipping over 200 horses. There are so many benefits of equine microchipping and registration, including helping with proof of ownership, the ability to include body temperature measurements and assisting with mitigating biosecurity risks. The process is easy and, similar to a vaccine, the chip is inserted with a needle.

The 2024 series is taking place between May and November in Taupō, Cambridge, Invercargill, West Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch, aims to microchip and register 400-500 horses. Events are organised by Companion Animals New Zealand in collaboration with local veterinarians, equine organisations, and volunteers, with support from MSD Animal Health and the New Zealand Equine Health Association. 

All attendees receive a Thermochip thanks to MSD Animal Health. A Thermochip works in a horse by being implanted in a ligament in the neck area. This microchip includes a temperature sensor that can accurately measure the horse's temperature. When a compatible scanner is passed over the microchip, it not only reads the horse's unique identification number but also retrieves the temperature data. This allows veterinarians and caretakers to monitor the horse's temperature easily and frequently without causing stress or discomfort. Regular temperature monitoring can help in early detection of illnesses, ensuring prompt and effective treatment while maintaining the horse's overall wellbeing.

Two down - four to go

Already two events have taken place and were a great success! With 65 horses added to our New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR), we are so pleased their guardian’s details are now linked to their animal in case they ever get separated.

Our first 2024 EQuiChip® event took place in Taupō on Sunday 26 May. What an amazing community event with many volunteers pitching in to get 33 horses microchipped and registered on the NZCAR. A big thank you to our local support there - the Vets from Waikato Equine Veterinary Centre Taupō, Fiber Fresh National Equestrian Centre Taupō and Taupō Equestrian Supplies.

In Cambridge, we successfully microchipped 28 horses and registered 32 on the day to our NZ Companion Animal Register (with some already chipped). Big thanks to our local supporters Cambridge Equine Hospital, CambridgeRaceway, Shoof International and Garrards Horse and Hound.

With four more still to go, we can’t wait to help more communities get behind positive horse identification.

“The process was so much quicker and easier than I thought! Now I have peace of mind that we could be reunited far quicker if we ever become separated.”

— Cambridge horse owners

EQuiChip® Cambridge

EQuiChip® Taupō

Not just cuddles and carrots - the truth about rabbit care

Rabbits are often cherished as delightful companions, yet their care requirements extend far beyond mere cuddles and carrots. As the third most popular pet in New Zealand, rabbits are in many households but not everyone has a good understanding of their needs in order to have a Good Life. 

Cuddly, cute and relatively small... the perfect pet for young humans right? Well... no, not really.  

There is a common misconception that rabbits make great low-cost pets for children, and this view can quickly lead to poor welfare outcomes for a rabbit. How this came about could be debated, but one argument could be made that across media and pop culture, rabbits are frequently depicted as friendly, docile creatures that make great companions, suitable for children. 

So, what do they actually need to live a Good Life as companion animals? 

Not a ‘starter pet’ 

Rabbits are small, prey animals and are relatively fragile compared with cats or dogs; they require gentle handling and can easily become fearful of being handled if they have bad experiences.  

They are sometimes viewed as easy care ‘starter-pets’ suitable for children. However, some studies have shown that owners who viewed rabbits as ‘starter pets’ often provided inadequate housing and low investment in essential resources like continuous gnawing opportunities, hay, and routine healthcare [1]. This was especially the case where children were the main caregivers. Without better knowledge of what the problems can be for rabbits as pets and what good welfare for rabbits entails - as well as increased public promotion of this information – the stereotype of them as ‘starter-pets’ is likely to continue. 

🏠 Housing and exercise 

Rabbits are burrowing animals. They need a complex environment with space to perform their natural behavioural tendencies such as ‘hopping about’, digging, gnawing and hiding.  

Proper housing is crucial for the welfare of pet rabbits with an environment that allows them to express their natural behaviors. According to the House Rabbit Society, rabbits need a minimum enclosure size of 4-6 times the length of the rabbit stretched out, with ample height to allow them to stand on their hind legs without their ears touching the top of the cage [2].  

Additionally, rabbits should have regular access to a larger area for exercise outside their enclosure. This is supported by a study from the University of Bristol, which found that rabbits with access to larger living spaces showed significantly fewer signs of stress and more natural behaviors compared to those confined to smaller cages [3]. 

Inside or outside?

Deciding whether pet rabbits should live indoors or outdoors depends on various factors related to their welfare, health, and environmental conditions. Consider factors such as weather exposure, predation risk and your ability to monitor their health – as well as your space constraints and how the rabbit’s social interactions would be impacted.  Ensuring your pet rabbit has appropriate housing in winter involves providing a well-insulated and weatherproof shelter.

If housed outdoors, the hutch should be elevated off the ground, equipped with ample bedding such as straw or hay for warmth, and protected from wind, rain, and snow. Adding a cover or tarp can help shield the hutch further from the elements. For indoor rabbits, maintaining a stable, warm temperature away from drafts and providing cozy bedding will keep them comfortable. Additionally, allowing supervised indoor playtime can provide both exercise and warmth during colder months. Regular checks to ensure the rabbit’s water supply doesn’t freeze and providing extra food to meet their increased energy needs are also important for their winter care. 

The choice between indoor and outdoor living should be based on the individual rabbit's needs, the owner's ability to provide a safe and enriching environment, and the local climate and predator risks. 

👐Gentle Handling of Rabbits 

Rabbits that have not been socialised and introduced to handling at an early age (starting at 10–20 days old) may be very nervous. It’s important to move quietly and invite interactions rather than force them on the rabbit. Their fear reaction may include hiding to avoid handling, and escalate to biting and aggression. The rabbit’s behaviour can be reinforced by the way that a person responds to them, leading to further fear and more ‘aggressive’ behaviour. Any rabbit that continually reacts aggressively to attempted handling could be experiencing pain and should be checked by a veterinarian.  

🥬Nutritional Needs for Pet Rabbits 

A balanced diet is essential for the health and longevity of pet rabbits. The primary component of a rabbit's diet should be high-quality hay, which promotes dental health and provides the necessary fiber for proper digestive function. According to the SPCA, hay and grass should make up approximately 85% of a rabbit's diet [4]. The chewing action required to eat hay also helps to wear down rabbits' continuously growing teeth, preventing dental problems. 

Fresh vegetables and leafy greens are another important part of a rabbit's diet, providing essential vitamins and minerals. A variety of vegetables, such as leafy greens, should be offered daily. Pelleted rabbit food can also be included in the diet but should be limited to prevent obesity.  Carrots and fruit should only be provided in small amounts as treats, as rabbits do not naturally eat root vegetables or fruit in the wild.

And of course, access to fresh, clean water at all times is essential for maintaining hydration and supporting digestive health.  Check out SPCA’s page for foods to include and avoid, and there are some great tips here too on the types of food and treats to offer.

🐇🐰Social Needs 

Rabbits are highly social animals, living in family groups in the wild, and not surprisingly in captivity they require the company of one or more other rabbits. Studies of rabbits' motivation for access to social contact showed that this was the same drive as for access to food - suggesting that they value this very highly. [6] 

Under test conditions, rabbits pushed a weighted cat-flap door that was one third their weight to be able to get to another rabbit! The best way to ensure a compatible pair is to keep two littermates together. However, if one is male and the other female (usually the best pairing), it is important to neuter both rabbits before they reach sexual maturity. Unfamiliar rabbits should be introduced to each other gradually, initially with a barrier between them, to ensure they will get on with each other. Lots of food and environmental enrichment will help to keep them occupied when first introduced without the barrier. However as with all social animals, it’s also important to give them space to get away from each other.  

🪀🪜Enrichment  

Rabbits also require appropriate environmental enrichment to maintain their mental health. Providing hiding spots, tunnels, and chew toys can prevent boredom and promote natural behaviours. Including structures for climbing and hiding, can also significantly improve the wellbeing of rabbits by increasing exploratory activities. Ensuring that rabbits have opportunities to interact with their owners and, if compatible, with other rabbits, can further enhance their quality of life. 

🍎Training for rabbits? Hop to it! 

Many people wouldn’t know that you can train rabbits. Rabbits are primarily motivated by treats, particularly sweet ones like fruit (high in sugar, so only a treat!). This makes training easier as they will readily perform tasks for a reward. However, not all rabbits are treat-motivated. For those less interested in food rewards, petting and affection can be alternative motivators. Understanding and leveraging what motivates your rabbit is crucial for successful training. 

Three common training techniques for rabbits [7] are:

• classical conditioning: associating a cue with a reward, such as calling their name when giving a treat.

• clicker training uses a clicker sound to signal correct behaviour, followed by a treat, which helps in teaching more complex tricks.

• luring which involves using a treat to guide the rabbit into performing a desired behaviour, such as spinning or hopping onto a lap. 

For effective training sessions, it's important to keep them short due to rabbits' limited attention spans. Creating a quiet, distraction-free environment and using consistent cues, whether verbal or visual, can enhance learning. Additionally, using high-value treats and gradually phasing them out as the rabbit masters the trick ensures they stay motivated without overindulging. 

Becoming a rabbit guardian means a commitment to understanding their unique needs and providing optimal living conditions year-round.

Owners have the privilege of ensuring the happiness, health, and longevity of their beloved rabbit companions, and in return can foster a vibrant bond with your long-eared friend. 

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In a nutshell: Understanding rabbit care needs 

• Social needs: Rabbits are highly social animals and prefer to live in groups in their natural state. So, it's best for pet rabbits to be kept in a social group, or at least a pair.   

• Dietary Requirements: Rabbits are herbivores with complex digestive systems. A diet rich in hay, fresh greens, and controlled portions of pellets ensures their nutritional balance and digestive health. Scientific studies highlight the significance of fiber-rich foods in preventing gastrointestinal issues, a common concern in rabbit care. 

• Environmental Enrichment: Mental stimulation is crucial for rabbits' happiness and well-being. Enrich their environment with safe chew toys, tunnels, and safe spaces to explore. Research shows that enriched environments reduce stress and promote natural behaviors in rabbits, contributing to their overall health. 

• Socialisation and Training: Rabbits are intelligent and can be trained using positive reinforcement techniques. Evidence based training methods, such as positive reinforcement through clicker training, help foster bonds and teach desired behaviours. Studies emphasise the importance of positive interactions with human carers in building trust and reducing fear in rabbits. 

• Gentle handling: Rabbits not socialised early (10–20 days old) can be nervous. Move quietly and invite interactions instead of forcing them. Fear may lead to hiding, biting, and aggression. Consistent aggressive reactions could indicate pain and should be checked by a vet.

Winter Care Essentials 

• Housing Considerations: Winter poses unique challenges for rabbit care, especially regarding housing. Scientific findings advocate for insulated hutches or indoor enclosures to protect rabbits from cold temperatures and drafts. Providing bedding material like straw or hay offers insulation and comfort. 

• Temperature Regulation: Maintaining a stable temperature is critical during winter. Research highlights the risk of hypothermia and respiratory issues in rabbits exposed to extreme cold. Employing heating solutions, like heat pads or heat lamps, in designated areas of their habitat ensures their comfort and health. 

• Exercise and Activity: Despite the cold, rabbits require regular exercise to prevent obesity and promote circulation. Indoor play areas or supervised outdoor time (weather permitting) facilitate physical activity. Scientific studies emphasise the correlation between exercise and overall wellbeing in rabbits, including mental stimulation and muscle tone. 

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References: 

[1] Skovlund CR, Forkman B, Lund TB, Mistry BG, Nielsen SS and Sandøe P(2023). Perceptions of the rabbit as a low investment ‘starter pet’ lead to negative impacts on its welfare: Results of two Danish surveys. Animal Welfare, 32, e45, 1–13 https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2023.41  

[2] House Rabbit Society. "Housing Your Rabbit." https://rabbit.org/care/habitat/living-space-how-to-set-it-up/  

[3] 'Run access, hutch size and time-of-day affect welfare-relevant behaviour and faecal corticosterone in pair-housed pet rabbits' by Nicola J. Rooney et. al in Applied Animal Behaviour Science 

[4] https://www.spca.nz/advice-and-welfare/article/what-to-feed-your-rabbits  

[5]Magnus, E. (2005). Behaviour of the pet rabbit: what is normal and why do problems develop?. In practice, 27(10), 531-535. 

[6] Seaman, S. C., Waran, N. K., Mason, G., & D'Eath, R. B. (2008). Animal economics: assessing the motivation of female laboratory rabbits to reach a platform, social contact and food. Animal Behaviour, 75(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.09.031 

[7] How to Train Your Rabbit (bunnylady.com) 

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Companion Animals New Zealand encourages Government to prioritise pet welfare

Companion Animals New Zealand, dedicated animal welfare charity and custodian of the national companion animal register, is encouraging the Government to ensure the wellbeing of our country’s pet animal species remain a priority.  

A recently publicised letter from the Minister responsible for Animal Welfare (Hon Andrew Hoggard) to the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (NAWAC) has sparked concern that pet welfare may be being deprioritised.  

NAWAC, an independent body providing animal welfare advice to the Government, has been directed to pause their work on the new rabbit code of welfare and any planned work on other companion animal codes of welfare, shifting focus to livestock codes including dairy cattle, sheep, beef, and deer.  

What are the Codes of Welfare?

Codes of welfare are important because they outline the minimum standards for the care and management of animals, which owners need to follow under the Animal Welfare Act 1999.These codes also include recommended best practices to help animal owners achieve positive welfare outcomes. Regular updates to these codes are essential, incorporating the latest research on animal behaviour and welfare, as well as evolving social attitudes. 

Currently, there is no code of welfare to guide owners regarding the standards required for pet rabbits – that's despite them being the third most popular pet in New Zealand. In addition, the current code of welfare for cats has not had a substantive review for 17 years (having only had small amendments since 2007) and the code of welfare for dogs for 14 years (with last substantive review in 2010). Arguably they are both out of date in relation to current scientific knowledge, and therefore good practice expectations. 

“New Zealanders place immense value on their pets with more than 4.35 million companion animals in the country,” says Professor Nat Waran, Director at Companion Animals New Zealand. “The pet population in New Zealand is a significant one and with up-to-date welfare codes we have an opportunity to ensure standards for companion animals are in line with other pet-loving nations around the world. Cats, dogs, and rabbits are cherished members of our households, and their welfare should reflect their importance in our lives.  

“At Companion Animals New Zealand, our mission is to ensure pets lead a Good Life, which goes above and beyond minimum standards of care. Achieving this goal requires up-to-date and comprehensive pet welfare codes which need to be informed by the latest research evidence.” 

New Zealand should maintain high welfare standards

Given New Zealand's high pet ownership rates – second only to the USA in terms of cat ownership – codes of welfare are essential for providing animal welfare officers with a clear baseline to make changes or address issues with owners. Failure to meet the relevant minimum standards outlined in a code can support prosecution, while a defense may include evidence that the care provided equaled or exceeded these minimum standards.

This legal framework ensures that companion animals in New Zealand receive appropriate care and protection in line with their basic needs, making it easier to uphold and improve welfare standards. 

Many animal welfare charities, including Companion Animals NZ, have worked together to draft proposed Codes for Rabbits, Dogs and Cats – and these have been passed onto to NAWAC for consideration as part of their Codes Work Programme. There is also a Companion Animal Subcommittee of NAWAC that has already started to work on the proposed Rabbit Code of Welfare. 

“We acknowledge the Government has many competing priorities, so we seek to ensure the welfare of companion animals is not overlooked,” adds Professor Waran. “We believe that pet welfare should also be prioritised, reflecting the deep bond New Zealanders share with their pets”.

As an organisation committed to promoting positive welfare for all companion animals, Companion Animals New Zealand encourages the Government to consider the significance of pets in our society and the importance of safeguarding their welfare into the future by prioritising the maintenance of up-to-date, world-leading pet codes of welfare.  

If you’d like to be kept up to date on this topic and others, please sign up to hear from us and our welfare newsletter: https://www.companionanimals.nz/newsletters

Read more about the Codes of Welfare on the MPI website here.

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Disclosure of Conflict of Interest 

In the interest of transparency, it is important we disclose that Professor Nat Waran also sits on the NAWAC However, her comments within this article relate to her position as Director at Companion Animals New Zealand.  

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Webinar series – is your pet misbehaving or misunderstood?

In our upcoming ‘Misbehaviour or Misunderstood’ webinar series open to the public, accredited behaviour consultants and veterinary behaviourists will delve into the behaviour of companion animals. Are we interpreting our animal’s behaviour in the wrong way? How can we better understand their drivers?  

Companion animals hold significant importance in the lives of many New Zealanders. More than a third of households have one or more dogs - and we boast the world's highest cat ownership rate, with over 40% of households having at least one feline friend. It is clear that pets are cherished members of our families.  

Despite widespread pet ownership across New Zealand, many pet owners remain unaware of the intricacies of their animals' behaviours. What are the reasons behind their actions and the potential for behavioural challenges? So many pet owners have the best intentions, but aren’t equipped with the right knowledge.

This knowledge gap can lead to mismatches between the natural behaviours of companion animals and the expectations of their owners. As a result, behaviour issues may arise, causing distress for both pets and their humans. 

Addressing these issues has become an increasingly important area of focus in the field of  ‘clinical animal behaviour’. This field, which combines applied ethology and veterinary medicine, employs evidence-based strategies to address a wide range of abnormal or problematic behaviours exhibited by dogs and cats. Experts in this field employ a multidisciplinary approach, drawing upon insights from psychology, ethology, neurobiology, pharmacology, and veterinary science to develop effective solutions for managing and treating behavioural issues in companion animals. 

Webinar series coming soon! 

In our upcoming ‘Misbehaviour or Misunderstood’ webinar series, accredited behaviour consultants and veterinary behaviourists will delve into the behaviour of companion animals.

These experts will uncover the root causes and motivations behind companion animals’ actions, shedding light on what these behaviours signify for the animal's overall well-being. Offering practical guidance, they'll equip participants with tools to address common behavioural challenges and ensure their pets receive everything necessary for a fulfilling life. 

The series will span 4-5 evening webinars, occurring fortnightly starting on the 31st of July. Each webinar will last approximately 60 minutes, providing ample opportunity for sharing insights and addressing pertinent topics. The webinars are free to attend, with the option to provide a small donation following the webinar if you found it useful - so we can continue to run these events into the future to help Kiwi pet owners across the country. 

Topic number 1

Our first topic Aggression Towards Familiar People - Beyond the Myth of Dominance addresses the complexities surrounding aggression by dogs towards familiar people. Given the prevalent misinterpretations surrounding this behaviour, such as misattributing it to “dominance”, there's a pressing need to understand and address the multifaceted reasons which contribute to this aggression.  

Presenting this topic will be Mat Ward, a Clinical Animal Behaviourist, who has helped thousands of pets (and their humans!) over the past 25 years. Early in his career, while completing his Master’s degree through Massey Vet School, Mat worked hands-on training problem dogs.  During the 2000s he established himself as a leading behaviour practitioner in Edinburgh, Scotland, with over 130 veterinary clinics referring behaviour cases to him by the time he moved back to New Zealand in 2021.  Recently, Mat published “What Dogs Want”, a fun, illustration-filled handbook for dog guardians.  Mat is accredited through the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour as a Certificated Clinical Animal Behaviourist (CCAB), and is accredited or a member of leading companion animal behaviour organisations such as CANZ, ABTC, IAABC, APBC, and FABC. 

During this webinar, Mat will pass on what he has learned from 25 years in the field of dog behaviour. He will outline patterns of aggression towards familiar people he has observed over the years, explain the core reasons for this behaviour, and summarise the practical techniques and recommendations he finds most useful for his clients.   

Be sure to keep an eye out for further updates on this topic on our website and social media channels! You can register your interest in attending via our form linked in the button below. 

What is Companion Animals NZ Accreditation? 

Companion Animals NZ Accredited professionals have demonstrated that they have met the CANZ Accreditation professional standards and follow the CANZ Code of Ethical Conduct. By choosing a CANZ Accredited professional you can be assured that they will use humane training methods that are based on an understanding of the way animals learn. Read more about this here: https://www.companionanimals.nz/accreditation  

Why parrots are unlike any other pet

All animals communicate with us in their own unique way. But can they all mimic our speech? Parrots are fascinating creatures that have captivated human hearts for centuries with their vibrant plumage, mimicking abilities, and engaging behaviour. 

World Parrot Day is 31 May each year and began in 2004, as a way to let everyone know that these remarkable birds need protecting in the wild. As we celebrate World Parrot Day, it's important to acknowledge the incredible beauty, intelligence, and personality of these spectacular birds.  

However, while many people may be drawn to the idea of having a parrot as a pet, it’s crucial to understand that these birds have complex needs and not all parrots are suited for life as a companion animal. Some birds also pose a threat to our native birds by dominating their food sources and nesting sites, so you must know about your species. Fr example, it is illegal to release a rainbow lorikeet into the wild. 

In this article, we aim to celebrate the wonder of parrots by exploring what makes them extraordinary companions for those who can meet their needs – while also acknowledging that their complex requirements, long lifespan, and potential for behavioural issues in the wrong circumstances, make them unsuitable pets for most people.  

Ensuring the welfare of these magnificent creatures often means leaving them in their natural habitats or in the care of experienced and dedicated avian enthusiasts. For those who truly love parrots, supporting conservation efforts and educating others about the challenges of keeping parrots as pets can be a more effective way to appreciate and protect these birds. 

 High-flying cognitive abilities 

Parrots are perceived to be highly intelligent creatures, known for cognitive abilities, vocal mimicry and social intelligence. While parrots are not the only animals that can mimic human speech, their vocal abilities and cognitive skills make them uniquely adept at this form of communication, contributing to their popularity and fascination as pets. 

When we think about common companion animals – like cats and dogs – we know every animal exhibits different types of intelligence which are adapted to their specific ecological niches and evolutionary histories. In short – all pets are smart in their own species-specific way!  

For example, dogs are highly trainable and can learn a wide range of commands and tasks. Cats are excellent problem solvers and are known for their agility and hunting skills. Each animal has unique strengths that highlight different aspects of intelligence. 

Some of the more complex abilities parrots display include: 

• tool manufacture 

• mirror self-recognition 

• object permanence (when you know an object or person still exists even when they are hidden and you can't see or hear them)

• meta-cognition (awareness or analysis of one's own learning or thinking processes) 

• theory of mind (the ability to understand the thoughts, beliefs, desires, and emotions of other people) 

• vocal learning - unique in their ability to mimic human speech and other sounds, which requires advanced auditory learning and vocal control. 

• mental time travel (the capacity to mentally reconstruct personal events from the past as well as to imagine possible scenarios in the future) 

• and complex social cognition (being able to interpret social information and behave appropriately in a social environments) [1] 

Parrots are highly social animals, and their intelligence is often reflected in their complex social interactions and ability to form strong bonds with their human caregivers.  

Some parrots, especially African Grey parrots, have shown remarkable problem-solving and understanding of abstract concepts like numbers and colours . 

The story of Alex 

Alex the parrot, an African Grey, is one of the most famous and studied birds in history, known for his remarkable cognitive abilities and contributions to the understanding of animal intelligence.  

Alex was born in 1976 and was purchased from a pet store by animal psychologist Dr. Irene Pepperberg. The name "Alex" stands for Avian Learning EXperiment. Under Dr. Pepperberg's training, Alex demonstrated the ability to use over 100 words meaningfully. He could identify colours, shapes, sizes, and quantities, and could understand concepts like "same" and "different." 

Alex could count up to six objects, understand the concept of zero, and perform tasks that required an understanding of categories and abstract thinking. He showed the ability to express desires, make choices, and even exhibited behaviours that suggested a form of emotional understanding. 

Alex died unexpectedly on September 6, 2007, at the age of 31. But his passing didn’t stop his legacy living on – with his achievements continuing to garner attention and respect from both the scientific community and the general public. Alex's abilities challenged the prevailing assumptions about the intellectual capacities of birds and animals in general. The Alex Foundation, established by Dr. Pepperberg, continues to support research and educational initiatives to advance the study of animal cognition and promote conservation efforts. 

His last words to Dr. Pepperberg were reportedly, "You be good, see you tomorrow. I love you." 

[Alex image source: New York Times]

What parrots need to live a Good Life 

Being kept in captivity might prevent parrots from doing all the things they'd normally do in the wild. This is especially true for pet parrots in homes where they can't socialise much, fly freely, find their own food, or do regular bird behaviours like bathing and grooming themselves. [2]

That is why it is so important to understand what a significant commitment having a companion parrot is, and to pay careful consideration to how they can live a Good Life. You must ensure you are acquiring your parrot legally and ethically, and do your research on the care levels required.  

Here are some key considerations: 

• Lifespan: Parrots can live for several decades; some species, like African Greys and Macaws, can live up to 60 years or more. Be prepared for a long-term commitment and plan for the parrot's care in the future.  

• Space and housing:

  • Parrots need spacious cages and plenty of room to exercise and fly. Provide a large, well-ventilated cage with appropriate perches, toys, and climbing structures.

  • Allow for supervised out-of-cage time daily if appropriate for your species (eg . If you own a rainbow lorikeet you must be a responsible owner and keep it in secure caging. Advice is available from the Department of Conservation on how to construct suitable caging that reduces the risk of the birds escaping).

  • Parrots are curious and can get into dangerous situations, so proof your home by removing toxic plants, securing electrical cords, and ensuring they can't access harmful substances.

  • Parrots may not always get along with other pets, so introduce other pets cautiously and ensure the parrot has a safe space away from potential threats. 

  • Did you know you can also microchip and register your bird on the NZ Companion Animal Register? This is another way you can ensure you are reunited should you become separated.

• Diet: Parrots require a varied diet to stay healthy, including seeds, pellets, fruits, vegetables, and nuts – depending on your individual bird’s needs. Ensure a balanced diet with fresh water always available, and avoid toxic foods like avocado, chocolate, caffeine, and alcohol. Speak with a vet if you’d like advice when choosing a diet to suit your bird’s needs. 

• Social interaction and mental stimulation:

  • Parrots are highly social and intelligent birds that require interaction and mental stimulation to prevent boredom and behavioural issues.

  • Parrots are generally not solitary animals. In the wild, many parrot species live in flocks or groups, exhibiting social behaviors such as foraging together, grooming each other, and communicating through vocalisations and body language. It is often advised that pet birds are housed in groups or pairs of compatible species to ensure that their need for social contact is met.

  • Pet birds often consider their human family as part of their social “flock”, and so when kept as pets, parrots often form strong bonds with their human caregivers. No matter if you have a solo companion bird or multiple, it is important to spend time interacting with your parrot daily and provide a variety of toys, puzzles, and foraging activities to keep their minds engaged. 

• Noise: Parrots can be very loud, and their vocalisations might be disruptive. Be prepared for the noise level and consider whether your living situation can accommodate it, especially if you have close neighbours. 

• Health care: Parrots require regular veterinary care from a vet specialising in avian medicine. Schedule annual check-ups and be vigilant for signs of illness, such as changes in appetite, droppings, or behaviour. Ensure your parrot is vaccinated and protected from diseases. 

• Behaviour and training: Parrots can develop behavioural issues like biting, feather plucking, and screaming if not properly trained and socialised. Invest time in positive reinforcement training and socialisation from an early age. Try to learn to understand their body language and respond appropriately. 

• Routine and stability: Parrots thrive on routine and can become stressed with changes, so it is good to minimise changes in their environment (outside of those for enrichment and stimulation). Maintain a consistent daily routine for feeding, interaction, and sleep.  

Parrots are extraordinarily unique. The responsibilities that come with being a guardian for these remarkable birds cannot be emphasised enough, and we acknowledge that some parrots thrive best in their natural habitats or in conservation settings. What is undeniable, is that parrots can form special bonds with humans when they are cared for responsibly and ethically.  

As we delve deeper into the realm of animal intelligence, exemplified by the life of Alex the parrot, we gain a clearer understanding of just how complex and advanced these birds truly are. This ongoing research allows us to enhance our knowledge of how to ensure their wellbeing and thriving. 

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A note about native parrots 

There are eight surviving parrot species that are unique to New Zealand and it is essential to appreciate and protect native parrots in their natural environments.

The mainland species include the kea (Nestor notabilis), the New Zealand kākā (Nestor meridionalis), the kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus).

There are also three species of kākāriki (meaning ‘small green parrot’ in Māori): the yellow-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus auriceps), the red-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae), and the orange-fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi). 

As of 2023, the total kākāpō population is 247, with intensive management efforts to prevent its extinction. The orange-fronted parakeet is Critically Endangered, the kākā is listed as Vulnerable, and the kea is classified as Endangered. 

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References:

1 Science Direct: Why Birds are Smart (Onur Güntürkün, Roland Pusch, Jonas Rose)

2. Kennedy and Draper, 1990, van Hoek and ten Cate, 1998, Engebretson, 2006, Gaskins and Hungerford, 2014