Let sleeping pets lie: Why a good sleep matters

Sleep is just as important for our animal companions as it is for us. While most pet owners focus on diet, exercise, and regular vet check-ups, sleep often gets overlooked as a crucial aspect of animal welfare. Understanding your pet's sleep needs is essential for providing them with the best care possible. 

How different pets sleep: Species-specific patterns

Dogs: The polyphasic nappers

Dogs are "polyphasic sleepers" – they take multiple naps throughout the day rather than one long sleep. Most dogs need about 12-14 hours of sleep daily, though this varies with age, breed, and activity level. Puppies and senior dogs typically require more rest. 

A dog's activity levels, routine changes, social interactions, and emotional experiences all affect sleep quality. Unlike humans who spend about 25% of sleep in REM (dream) sleep, dogs only spend about 10% in this restorative phase, making quality sleep time crucial for their wellbeing.

Cats: The professional sleepers

If you've ever envied your cat's ability to nap anywhere, anytime, there's good reason! Cats sleep between 12-16 hours daily, with some sleeping up to 20 hours. They're most active at dawn and dusk, explaining those early morning wake-up calls. 

Cats need safe, comfortable sleeping spots – preferably with options at different heights, as many cats feel more secure when elevated. Multiple sleeping locations throughout your home will help your feline friend get the rest they need. 

Horses: Standing sleepers

Horses have fascinating sleep patterns reflecting their evolution as prey animals. They need only 5-7 hours of rest consisting of 2-3 hours of total sleep daily and can sleep standing up thanks to a special "stay apparatus" in their legs. 

However, horses must lie down to achieve REM (deep) sleep, which typically only accounts for about 30 minutes of their daily rest. Without this crucial REM sleep, horses can develop serious welfare issues, including sudden episodes of collapse. Sleep deprivation risks increase when horses travel long distances or stay overnight at events without proper rest opportunities.

Rabbits: Eyes-open snoozers

As prey animals, rabbits are crepuscular, meaning they're most active during dawn and dusk, typically sleeping during midday and deep night. Unlike most pets, rabbits can sleep with their eyes open – an evolutionary adaptation that helps them stay alert to danger. They'll only close their eyes when feeling completely safe. 

Rabbits sleep 6-8 hours daily in many short naps rather than one continuous period. They also enter a "dozing" state where they rest while remaining somewhat alert. During true sleep, a rabbit's nose stops twitching – a rare sight indicating deep relaxation. 

Why quality of sleep matters for pet health

Good sleep isn't just about preventing grumpiness – it's essential for: 

• Physical health: Sleep is when the body repairs itself and grows 

• Immune function: Well-rested pets can fight illness better 

• Brain health: Sleep helps animals process new information and skills 

• Emotional wellbeing: Sleep-deprived pets tend to be more anxious or irritable 

• Pain management: Poor sleep can increase sensitivity to pain 

• Safety: Sleep deprivation can lead to problematic behaviours that can be unsafe for humans and other animals

Warning signs: Is your pet sleeping poorly?

Dogs and cats: 

• Increased irritability or unusual aggression 

• Seeming disoriented or confused 

• Excessive daytime sleepiness 

• Increased vocalisation at night 

• Changes in appetite 

Horses: 

• Dropping to their knees momentarily 

• Unexplained injuries that might have occurred during collapse 

• Excessive daytime drowsiness 

• Reluctance to lie down 

Rabbits: 

• Decreased activity or lethargy 

• Teeth grinding (different from gentle purring) 

• Hunched posture 

• Changes in eating habits 

• Reduced grooming behavior 

• Increased hiding behavior 

Creating sleep-friendly environments for your pets

Dogs 

• Provide a quiet, comfortable bed away from household traffic 

• Maintain a consistent daily routine 

• Ensure adequate daytime exercise  

• Consider crate training if it helps your dog feel secure 

• Keep their sleeping area at an appropriate temperature 

Cats 

• Offer multiple sleeping spots, including some elevated options 

• Provide both hidden/enclosed beds and open sleeping areas 

• Keep their sleeping areas away from litter boxes 

• Consider your cat's preference for soft vs. firm sleeping surfaces 

• Respect your cat's natural activity patterns rather than trying to force them into human schedules 

Horses 

• If stabled, ensure there is enough space to allow the horse to lie down safely and provide comfortable bedding or mats that encourage lying down 

• Maintain stable social groups when possible 

• Consider 24-hour turnout if suitable for your horse 

• Schedule human activities to avoid disrupting rest periods 

• Monitor for signs of sleep deprivation regularly 

Rabbits 

• Provide a quiet, draft-free sleeping area 

• Include hiding spaces like tunnels or covered areas where they can feel secure 

• Use soft bedding that supports their delicate feet (avoid wire-bottom cages) 

• Respect their crepuscular nature by avoiding disturbances during their main sleep periods 

• Ensure they have a companion if possible, as rabbits are social animals that feel safer with a buddy 

• Keep sleeping areas clean, as rabbits are naturally tidy animals

When to seek veterinary help 

If you notice persistent changes in your pet's sleep patterns or any warning signs mentioned above, consult your veterinarian. Sleep problems can indicate underlying health issues like arthritis, respiratory problems, or anxiety that require treatment.

The Companion Animals approach to quality pet sleep

Sleep is not a luxury for our companion animals – it's an essential biological need that directly impacts their quality of life. By understanding and accommodating the unique sleep requirements of different pets, we can help ensure they lead happy, healthy lives. 

At Companion Animals New Zealand, we believe that responsible pet care extends beyond the basics of food and shelter to understanding all aspects of animal wellbeing – including the importance of quality sleep. By making small adjustments to your pet's environment and routine, and monitoring their behaviour, you can help them get the rest they need to thrive. 

---

Key References 

1. Zanghi, B.M. (2010). Importance of sleep: Performance, cognition and canine models of ageing. Nestlé Purina Companion Animal Nutrition Summit, 18-25.  

2. Kinsman, R., Owczarczak-Garstecka, S., Casey, R., Knowles, T., Tasker, S., Woodward, J., Da Costa, R., & Murray, J. (2020). Sleep Duration and Behaviours: A Descriptive Analysis of a Cohort of Dogs up to 12 Months of Age. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 10(7), 1172. 

3. Williams, D.C., Aleman, M., Holliday, T.A., Fletcher, D.J., Tharp, B., Kass, P.H., Steffey, E.P., & LeCouteur, R.A. (2008). Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the electroencephalogram in normal horses during spontaneous drowsiness and sleep. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 22(3), 630-638.  

4. Trocino, A., & Xiccato, G. (2006). Animal welfare in reared rabbits: A review with emphasis on housing systems. World Rabbit Science, 14(2), 77-93. 

Fireworks are fraught with risks for animals

Every year around 5 November, animals across New Zealand are put at unnecessary risk due to the harmful effects of fireworks. Here we discuss the negative impact of fireworks on animals, people and the environment. 

Fireworks are primarily used for recreation and human entertainment, despite the overwhelming evidence that they negatively impact domestic animals, wildlife and the environment. 

Studies, both in New Zealand¹ and internationally² have documented the fear behaviours companion animals exhibit in response to fireworks. The sudden, unpredictable bursts of light and noise cause distress and anxiety in pets³.  

Pet owners frequently report issues such as animals escaping, vocalising, trembling, urinating or defecating, and displaying destructive behaviours during fireworks displays. The negative impact on wildlife is also becoming more widely recognised, with effects that can extend far beyond what we see in our homes and neighbourhoods. 

According to surveys, up to half the pet dog population react fearfully to fireworks⁵,  with over 15% of fearful dogs requiring several days or longer to recover from a firework event. Sadly some dogs (3%) show changes in their behaviour for weeks or months afterwards. 

For our valued pets, fireworks are associated with a range of issues including: 

• Increased stress and anxiety: The loud noises and bright flashes can cause significant stress for pets and wildlife. Animals may react by hiding, fleeing, or displaying signs of panic.  

• Increased fear and disorientation: In response to fear, animals may respond by freezing, hiding or fleeing, depending on where they are in relation to the fireworks. Many animals that are not contained, such as horses, outdoor access cats, rabbits in outdoor hutches and birds in outdoor aviaries as well as wildlife, can become disoriented by the sounds and lights, they may panic and try to escape potentially leading to collisions with structures or other animals.  

• Increased potential for injuries: Animals may injure themselves while trying to escape the noise or become dangerous to handle or cause injury to humans due to their fear responses. In some cases, the strength of the fear response may lead to death. In a New Zealand survey, 26% of horse owners reported increased running in response to fireworks, often associated with fence-breaking and injury⁵. 

• Quality of life disruption: Fireworks negatively affect an animal’s quality of life in the short and sometimes longer term, and for wildlife fireworks may disrupt their breeding and feeding patterns, particularly in birds during nesting seasons. 

So what can pet owners do to help their animals get through this time?  

Short-term tactics 

If fireworks events are imminent, then there are some actions you can take to prepare and provide for your pets safety during the period when fireworks are available for private sale and use. 

• Check your animal’s identification details are up to date: Whether this is their microchip details on our New Zealand Companion Animal Register, their ID tag or collar – ensure there is a way to identify your companion animal if they go missing. 

• Create a safe space: Set up a comfort area in your home where your dog/cat can feel safe during fireworks. Making a cosy den using a blanket, putting the animal’s favourite toys and making use of an item of your clothing to create familiar scents will help to keep the animal feeling secure.  

• Stay with your animal: Make sure that you are with your pet, and you keep your own emotions steady so they are not sensing anything from you and you’re able to help keep them feeling calm and safe.  

• If you can, sound-proof an area of the house: Close windows and doors and use white noise machines, classical music or even air fans to help mask the sound. 

• Other ways to reduce anxiety: There are other options to explore which may or may not work for your animal. For example, canine thundershirts (snug-fitting garments) can provide a sense of security for some anxious dogs, although you will need to test this before you use them during the firework period. Pheromonatherapy may also be useful – this refers to synthetic pheromones to influence the behavior and emotional state of animals, particularly pets. It is assumed to have an intrinsic effect on the emotional processing of animals. Dog Appeasing Pheromone (DAP) plug-in diffusers available through vets, and placed around the house, resulted a reported improvement in dogs’ clinical signs during firework exposure⁶. There is also a feline version available that appears to be useful for reducing stress in cats. 

• Move your animal temporarily if appropriate: Horse owners are usually better advised, if they can, to remove their horses to another property where they know fireworks cannot be heard, however if this is not possible there is some guidance on this site about how to prepare your horse. 

• Consult your vet regarding medication: If you are extremely worried about how you pet’s will cope, and your animal’s fear and anxiety is severe, consult your vet who may recommend short term medication to help your pet manage during fireworks events. 

Longer-term strategies 

For those pet owners who know that they are likely to experience local private firework displays in advance. These involve systematically desensitising pets to the sorts of stimuli associated with fireworks. Studies have shown that owners who spend the time preparing their dogs (and cats) when they are at a young age – will see the benefits for their animals who are less reactive to triggers such as the loud bangs associated with guns, cars back firing and loud fireworks.  

However for those who’s animals have already acquired a fear response there is a need to try to modify their emotional response through a combination of behaviour modification, environmental management, and sometimes medication from the veterinarian.  Effective strategies to be used to prepare and/or manage your animal’s emotional response include: 

• Desensitising through gradual exposure: Start by playing recordings of fireworks at a low volume when the animal is in a calm state, gradually increasing it as your dog becomes more comfortable, but never pushing the animal out of his comfort zone. 

• Use of positive reinforcement: Pairing the gradual introduction (low volume) of the fireworks sounds with treats, toys, or playtime to create positive associations. 

You can also reach out to an accredited professional to provide advice and support for you and your animal during this time. You can see a list of those people accredited by Companion Animals New Zealand here. 

Fireworks are fraught with risks for animals, causing distress, fear, and even physical harm. It’s crucial to recognise these dangers and take proactive steps to prepare ahead of time, helping to ensure your animal's well-being and safety, and allowing them to get through fireworks season with less stress and fear. Your pet depends on you to protect them—let's make sure they feel safe when the fireworks begin. 

References  

1. Dale A.R., Walker J.K., Farnworth M.J., Morrissey S.V., Waran N.K. A survey of owners' perceptions of fear of fireworks in a sample of dogs and cats in New Zealand. N. Z. Vet. J. 2010;58:286–291.  

2. Overall K.L., Dunham A.E., Frank D. Frequency of nonspecific clinical signs in dogs with separation anxiety, thunderstorm phobia, and noise phobia, alone or in combination. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2001;219:467–473.  

3. Gates, MC, Zito, S, Walker, JK, and Dale, AR (2019). Owner perceptions and management of the adverse behavioural effects of fireworks on companion animals: an update. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 67, 323–328. 

4. Riemer, S., 2019. Not a one-way road—Severity, progression and prevention of firework fears in dogs. PLoS One, 14(9), p.e0218150. 

5. Gronqvist, G, Rogers, C, and Gee, E (2016). The management of horses during fireworks in New Zealand. Animals 6, 20. 

6. Sheppard, G. and Mills, D.S., 2003. Evaluation of dog‐appeasing pheromone as a potential treatment for dogs fearful of fireworks. Veterinary Record, 152(14), pp.432-436. 

Not just cuddles and carrots - the truth about rabbit care

Rabbits are often cherished as delightful companions, yet their care requirements extend far beyond mere cuddles and carrots. As the third most popular pet in New Zealand, rabbits are in many households but not everyone has a good understanding of their needs in order to have a Good Life. 

Cuddly, cute and relatively small... the perfect pet for young humans right? Well... no, not really.  

There is a common misconception that rabbits make great low-cost pets for children, and this view can quickly lead to poor welfare outcomes for a rabbit. How this came about could be debated, but one argument could be made that across media and pop culture, rabbits are frequently depicted as friendly, docile creatures that make great companions, suitable for children. 

So, what do they actually need to live a Good Life as companion animals? 

Not a ‘starter pet’ 

Rabbits are small, prey animals and are relatively fragile compared with cats or dogs; they require gentle handling and can easily become fearful of being handled if they have bad experiences.  

They are sometimes viewed as easy care ‘starter-pets’ suitable for children. However, some studies have shown that owners who viewed rabbits as ‘starter pets’ often provided inadequate housing and low investment in essential resources like continuous gnawing opportunities, hay, and routine healthcare [1]. This was especially the case where children were the main caregivers. Without better knowledge of what the problems can be for rabbits as pets and what good welfare for rabbits entails - as well as increased public promotion of this information – the stereotype of them as ‘starter-pets’ is likely to continue. 

🏠 Housing and exercise 

Rabbits are burrowing animals. They need a complex environment with space to perform their natural behavioural tendencies such as ‘hopping about’, digging, gnawing and hiding.  

Proper housing is crucial for the welfare of pet rabbits with an environment that allows them to express their natural behaviors. According to the House Rabbit Society, rabbits need a minimum enclosure size of 4-6 times the length of the rabbit stretched out, with ample height to allow them to stand on their hind legs without their ears touching the top of the cage [2].  

Additionally, rabbits should have regular access to a larger area for exercise outside their enclosure. This is supported by a study from the University of Bristol, which found that rabbits with access to larger living spaces showed significantly fewer signs of stress and more natural behaviors compared to those confined to smaller cages [3]. 

Inside or outside?

Deciding whether pet rabbits should live indoors or outdoors depends on various factors related to their welfare, health, and environmental conditions. Consider factors such as weather exposure, predation risk and your ability to monitor their health – as well as your space constraints and how the rabbit’s social interactions would be impacted.  Ensuring your pet rabbit has appropriate housing in winter involves providing a well-insulated and weatherproof shelter.

If housed outdoors, the hutch should be elevated off the ground, equipped with ample bedding such as straw or hay for warmth, and protected from wind, rain, and snow. Adding a cover or tarp can help shield the hutch further from the elements. For indoor rabbits, maintaining a stable, warm temperature away from drafts and providing cozy bedding will keep them comfortable. Additionally, allowing supervised indoor playtime can provide both exercise and warmth during colder months. Regular checks to ensure the rabbit’s water supply doesn’t freeze and providing extra food to meet their increased energy needs are also important for their winter care. 

The choice between indoor and outdoor living should be based on the individual rabbit's needs, the owner's ability to provide a safe and enriching environment, and the local climate and predator risks. 

👐Gentle Handling of Rabbits 

Rabbits that have not been socialised and introduced to handling at an early age (starting at 10–20 days old) may be very nervous. It’s important to move quietly and invite interactions rather than force them on the rabbit. Their fear reaction may include hiding to avoid handling, and escalate to biting and aggression. The rabbit’s behaviour can be reinforced by the way that a person responds to them, leading to further fear and more ‘aggressive’ behaviour. Any rabbit that continually reacts aggressively to attempted handling could be experiencing pain and should be checked by a veterinarian.  

🥬Nutritional Needs for Pet Rabbits 

A balanced diet is essential for the health and longevity of pet rabbits. The primary component of a rabbit's diet should be high-quality hay, which promotes dental health and provides the necessary fiber for proper digestive function. According to the SPCA, hay and grass should make up approximately 85% of a rabbit's diet [4]. The chewing action required to eat hay also helps to wear down rabbits' continuously growing teeth, preventing dental problems. 

Fresh vegetables and leafy greens are another important part of a rabbit's diet, providing essential vitamins and minerals. A variety of vegetables, such as leafy greens, should be offered daily. Pelleted rabbit food can also be included in the diet but should be limited to prevent obesity.  Carrots and fruit should only be provided in small amounts as treats, as rabbits do not naturally eat root vegetables or fruit in the wild.

And of course, access to fresh, clean water at all times is essential for maintaining hydration and supporting digestive health.  Check out SPCA’s page for foods to include and avoid, and there are some great tips here too on the types of food and treats to offer.

🐇🐰Social Needs 

Rabbits are highly social animals, living in family groups in the wild, and not surprisingly in captivity they require the company of one or more other rabbits. Studies of rabbits' motivation for access to social contact showed that this was the same drive as for access to food - suggesting that they value this very highly. [6] 

Under test conditions, rabbits pushed a weighted cat-flap door that was one third their weight to be able to get to another rabbit! The best way to ensure a compatible pair is to keep two littermates together. However, if one is male and the other female (usually the best pairing), it is important to neuter both rabbits before they reach sexual maturity. Unfamiliar rabbits should be introduced to each other gradually, initially with a barrier between them, to ensure they will get on with each other. Lots of food and environmental enrichment will help to keep them occupied when first introduced without the barrier. However as with all social animals, it’s also important to give them space to get away from each other.  

🪀🪜Enrichment  

Rabbits also require appropriate environmental enrichment to maintain their mental health. Providing hiding spots, tunnels, and chew toys can prevent boredom and promote natural behaviours. Including structures for climbing and hiding, can also significantly improve the wellbeing of rabbits by increasing exploratory activities. Ensuring that rabbits have opportunities to interact with their owners and, if compatible, with other rabbits, can further enhance their quality of life. 

🍎Training for rabbits? Hop to it! 

Many people wouldn’t know that you can train rabbits. Rabbits are primarily motivated by treats, particularly sweet ones like fruit (high in sugar, so only a treat!). This makes training easier as they will readily perform tasks for a reward. However, not all rabbits are treat-motivated. For those less interested in food rewards, petting and affection can be alternative motivators. Understanding and leveraging what motivates your rabbit is crucial for successful training. 

Three common training techniques for rabbits [7] are:

• classical conditioning: associating a cue with a reward, such as calling their name when giving a treat.

• clicker training uses a clicker sound to signal correct behaviour, followed by a treat, which helps in teaching more complex tricks.

• luring which involves using a treat to guide the rabbit into performing a desired behaviour, such as spinning or hopping onto a lap. 

For effective training sessions, it's important to keep them short due to rabbits' limited attention spans. Creating a quiet, distraction-free environment and using consistent cues, whether verbal or visual, can enhance learning. Additionally, using high-value treats and gradually phasing them out as the rabbit masters the trick ensures they stay motivated without overindulging. 

Becoming a rabbit guardian means a commitment to understanding their unique needs and providing optimal living conditions year-round.

Owners have the privilege of ensuring the happiness, health, and longevity of their beloved rabbit companions, and in return can foster a vibrant bond with your long-eared friend. 

---

In a nutshell: Understanding rabbit care needs 

• Social needs: Rabbits are highly social animals and prefer to live in groups in their natural state. So, it's best for pet rabbits to be kept in a social group, or at least a pair.   

• Dietary Requirements: Rabbits are herbivores with complex digestive systems. A diet rich in hay, fresh greens, and controlled portions of pellets ensures their nutritional balance and digestive health. Scientific studies highlight the significance of fiber-rich foods in preventing gastrointestinal issues, a common concern in rabbit care. 

• Environmental Enrichment: Mental stimulation is crucial for rabbits' happiness and well-being. Enrich their environment with safe chew toys, tunnels, and safe spaces to explore. Research shows that enriched environments reduce stress and promote natural behaviors in rabbits, contributing to their overall health. 

• Socialisation and Training: Rabbits are intelligent and can be trained using positive reinforcement techniques. Evidence based training methods, such as positive reinforcement through clicker training, help foster bonds and teach desired behaviours. Studies emphasise the importance of positive interactions with human carers in building trust and reducing fear in rabbits. 

• Gentle handling: Rabbits not socialised early (10–20 days old) can be nervous. Move quietly and invite interactions instead of forcing them. Fear may lead to hiding, biting, and aggression. Consistent aggressive reactions could indicate pain and should be checked by a vet.

Winter Care Essentials 

• Housing Considerations: Winter poses unique challenges for rabbit care, especially regarding housing. Scientific findings advocate for insulated hutches or indoor enclosures to protect rabbits from cold temperatures and drafts. Providing bedding material like straw or hay offers insulation and comfort. 

• Temperature Regulation: Maintaining a stable temperature is critical during winter. Research highlights the risk of hypothermia and respiratory issues in rabbits exposed to extreme cold. Employing heating solutions, like heat pads or heat lamps, in designated areas of their habitat ensures their comfort and health. 

• Exercise and Activity: Despite the cold, rabbits require regular exercise to prevent obesity and promote circulation. Indoor play areas or supervised outdoor time (weather permitting) facilitate physical activity. Scientific studies emphasise the correlation between exercise and overall wellbeing in rabbits, including mental stimulation and muscle tone. 

---

References: 

[1] Skovlund CR, Forkman B, Lund TB, Mistry BG, Nielsen SS and Sandøe P(2023). Perceptions of the rabbit as a low investment ‘starter pet’ lead to negative impacts on its welfare: Results of two Danish surveys. Animal Welfare, 32, e45, 1–13 https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2023.41  

[2] House Rabbit Society. "Housing Your Rabbit." https://rabbit.org/care/habitat/living-space-how-to-set-it-up/  

[3] 'Run access, hutch size and time-of-day affect welfare-relevant behaviour and faecal corticosterone in pair-housed pet rabbits' by Nicola J. Rooney et. al in Applied Animal Behaviour Science 

[4] https://www.spca.nz/advice-and-welfare/article/what-to-feed-your-rabbits  

[5]Magnus, E. (2005). Behaviour of the pet rabbit: what is normal and why do problems develop?. In practice, 27(10), 531-535. 

[6] Seaman, S. C., Waran, N. K., Mason, G., & D'Eath, R. B. (2008). Animal economics: assessing the motivation of female laboratory rabbits to reach a platform, social contact and food. Animal Behaviour, 75(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.09.031 

[7] How to Train Your Rabbit (bunnylady.com) 

---