Is purring always a sign of happiness in cats?

In our recent survey 92% of cat owners told us that they view their cat purring as a sign that they are happy or in a positive state of mind. Cats vocalise to communicate with others and express their internal states.

Whilst its true that cats do purr when they are content or happy – there are also other situations when purring might take place. It’s important, for ensuring a good quality of life for our cats to be able to recognize the different meanings for each type of purr. 

What is a purr?

Not all of the cat family can purr. This wonderful sound is only found in domestic cats and some wild cats. Purring involves specific anatomical and physiological mechanisms. The sound originates from the rapid contraction and relaxation of the muscles within a cat's larynx (voice box), which causes the vocal cords to separate creating a wonderful sound that is both rhythmic and consistent.

What we now know is that cats purr not only when they're happy and content but also when they're frightened, in pain, or stressed. This varied purpose suggests that purring serves to help them cope with various emotions.

Why do cats purr?

For the most part cats purr as a way to communicate their emotional state whether positive of negative.

What we now know is that cats purr not only when they're happy and content but also when they're frightened, in pain, or stressed. This varied purpose suggests that purring serves to help them cope with various emotions.

What benefits does purring have?

There are a number of other benefits to purring which help in whatever situation that prompted it, including:

1. Self-calming: because it is sometimes performed by cats experiencing stressful situations, purring is thought to help lower stress and induce a calmer state of mind for the cat.

2. Social bonding: purring encourages maintenance of positive relationships. For example, The mother cat (queen) purrs during labour, which is thought to try to relieve discomfort and she will purr after her kittens are born enabling the kittens to follow the vibrations she makes towards the teats. Kittens begin purring when they're just a few days old, and this seems to help maintain the connection with the mother cat (queen) that is needed for kitten survival. Cats also purr to maintain significant human relationships too.

3. Specific meaning conveyed through the different sounds of the purr: the frequency of a cat’s purr can vary, and some cats learn to purr when they’re hungry or want human attention.

4. Healing properties: Researchers believe that a neural oscillator in the cat's brain sends signals to the laryngeal muscles, causing them to twitch at a rate of 25 to 150 vibrations per second (Hz). This is the range associated with many healing processes. This may be why purring is thought to promote tissue regeneration, and bone growth/fracture healing. Some studies also suggest that exposure to these vibrations can help reduce pain and inflammation, potentially speeding up recovery from injuries (see Muggenthaler, 2001). Other research suggests that people who own cats also have a 40% lower risk of heart attacks than non-cat owners, and blood pressure has been shown to be lowered in owners after interacting with their purring cats. This may be due to the reported calming effect that purring has on owners of cats (Ravenscroft et al., 2021). 

““Having the cat sitting next to me purring is always quite calming” ”

— (from Ravenscroft et al., 2021)

How can you recognise the different reasons for Purring?

Paying attention to the situation or context and the cat's body language when its purring can help you interpret the meaning behind their purrs more accurately!

There are various underlying motivations associated with purring in cats. Examples include:

1. The purr of contentment: this is a deep, steady purr that usually occurs when a cat is relaxed and comfortable and can be seen when they’re being stroked and when resting in a preferred area.

2. Solicitation purring: a learned behaviour that has been reinforced by the cat owner, is a higher-pitched more urgent sounding purr  (often mixed with loud meows) usually associated with begging behaviour, whilst soliciting their human’s attention, or asking for food.

1. The purr associated with anxiety or distress: if a cat is purring while exhibiting signs of distress (like hiding), the purr might sound more erratic or higher in pitch. It is thought that this is the cat’s attempt at trying to reduce their stress and soothe themselves.

2. A pain-related purr: a cat in pain may purr quietly and intermittently. The purr might be softer and less rhythmic and sound subdued.

Purrs have different meanings depending on the context and motivation of the cat. Distinguishing between the different sounds (pitch, intensity and frequency) helps owners to understand the underlying emotion being experienced by the cat (Figure from McComb et al., 2009) 

So the next time you hear your cat purring, have a look at the context he/she is in (hiding, sitting looking straight at you, resting on your knee) and consider the rest of their body language (tail movement, posture, facial expression) to ensure that you have a full appreciation of whether this is the sound of a happy, sad, stressed, painful or attention-seeking cat, so that you can provide them with what they need from you to ensure good welfare.  

EXPERT Article written by:

Professor Nat Waran,

Director of A Good Life for Animals Centre

References: 

Bradshaw JW. (2016) Sociality in cats: a comparative review. J Vet Behav. 11:113-124. 

Bradshaw J, Casey RA, Brown SL. (2012) The Behaviour of the Domestic Cat. CAB International, Wallingford. 

da Silva Garcia, F. A. B., & Martins, D. T. L. F. (2016). Does cat attachment have an effect on human health? A comparison between owners and volunteers. Pet Behaviour Science, 1-12. 

McComb, Karen et al. (2009) The cry embedded within the purr. Current Biology, Volume 19, Issue 13. 

Peters G. (2002) Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals. Mammal Rev. 32:245-271 

Ravenscroft, S. J., Barcelos, A. M., & Mills, D. S. (2021). Cat-human related activities associated with human well-being. Human-Animal Interaction Bulletin 2021. 

Elizabeth von Muggenthaler (2001) The felid purr: A healing mechanism? J. Acoust. Soc. Am.  110 (5_Supplement): 2666. 

Two EQuiChip® Events complete!

EQuiChip® is a community initiative dedicated to improving equine welfare through microchipping and registering horses on the NZ Companion Animal Register for positive identification. Our 2024 series has already successfully hosted events in Taupō and Cambridge, and we are eagerly anticipating the upcoming events.

Founded by Companion Animals New Zealand in 2023 after Cyclone Gabrielle, the first EQuiChip® events were held in Hawke’s Bay and Wairarapa, microchipping over 200 horses. There are so many benefits of equine microchipping and registration, including helping with proof of ownership, the ability to include body temperature measurements and assisting with mitigating biosecurity risks. The process is easy and, similar to a vaccine, the chip is inserted with a needle.

The 2024 series is taking place between May and November in Taupō, Cambridge, Invercargill, West Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch, aims to microchip and register 400-500 horses. Events are organised by Companion Animals New Zealand in collaboration with local veterinarians, equine organisations, and volunteers, with support from MSD Animal Health and the New Zealand Equine Health Association. 

All attendees receive a Thermochip thanks to MSD Animal Health. A Thermochip works in a horse by being implanted in a ligament in the neck area. This microchip includes a temperature sensor that can accurately measure the horse's temperature. When a compatible scanner is passed over the microchip, it not only reads the horse's unique identification number but also retrieves the temperature data. This allows veterinarians and caretakers to monitor the horse's temperature easily and frequently without causing stress or discomfort. Regular temperature monitoring can help in early detection of illnesses, ensuring prompt and effective treatment while maintaining the horse's overall wellbeing.

Two down - four to go

Already two events have taken place and were a great success! With 65 horses added to our New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR), we are so pleased their guardian’s details are now linked to their animal in case they ever get separated.

Our first 2024 EQuiChip® event took place in Taupō on Sunday 26 May. What an amazing community event with many volunteers pitching in to get 33 horses microchipped and registered on the NZCAR. A big thank you to our local support there - the Vets from Waikato Equine Veterinary Centre Taupō, Fiber Fresh National Equestrian Centre Taupō and Taupō Equestrian Supplies.

In Cambridge, we successfully microchipped 28 horses and registered 32 on the day to our NZ Companion Animal Register (with some already chipped). Big thanks to our local supporters Cambridge Equine Hospital, CambridgeRaceway, Shoof International and Garrards Horse and Hound.

With four more still to go, we can’t wait to help more communities get behind positive horse identification.

“The process was so much quicker and easier than I thought! Now I have peace of mind that we could be reunited far quicker if we ever become separated.”

— Cambridge horse owners

EQuiChip® Cambridge

EQuiChip® Taupō

Not just cuddles and carrots - the truth about rabbit care

Rabbits are often cherished as delightful companions, yet their care requirements extend far beyond mere cuddles and carrots. As the third most popular pet in New Zealand, rabbits are in many households but not everyone has a good understanding of their needs in order to have a Good Life. 

Cuddly, cute and relatively small... the perfect pet for young humans right? Well... no, not really.  

There is a common misconception that rabbits make great low-cost pets for children, and this view can quickly lead to poor welfare outcomes for a rabbit. How this came about could be debated, but one argument could be made that across media and pop culture, rabbits are frequently depicted as friendly, docile creatures that make great companions, suitable for children. 

So, what do they actually need to live a Good Life as companion animals? 

Not a ‘starter pet’ 

Rabbits are small, prey animals and are relatively fragile compared with cats or dogs; they require gentle handling and can easily become fearful of being handled if they have bad experiences.  

They are sometimes viewed as easy care ‘starter-pets’ suitable for children. However, some studies have shown that owners who viewed rabbits as ‘starter pets’ often provided inadequate housing and low investment in essential resources like continuous gnawing opportunities, hay, and routine healthcare [1]. This was especially the case where children were the main caregivers. Without better knowledge of what the problems can be for rabbits as pets and what good welfare for rabbits entails - as well as increased public promotion of this information – the stereotype of them as ‘starter-pets’ is likely to continue. 

🏠 Housing and exercise 

Rabbits are burrowing animals. They need a complex environment with space to perform their natural behavioural tendencies such as ‘hopping about’, digging, gnawing and hiding.  

Proper housing is crucial for the welfare of pet rabbits with an environment that allows them to express their natural behaviors. According to the House Rabbit Society, rabbits need a minimum enclosure size of 4-6 times the length of the rabbit stretched out, with ample height to allow them to stand on their hind legs without their ears touching the top of the cage [2].  

Additionally, rabbits should have regular access to a larger area for exercise outside their enclosure. This is supported by a study from the University of Bristol, which found that rabbits with access to larger living spaces showed significantly fewer signs of stress and more natural behaviors compared to those confined to smaller cages [3]. 

Inside or outside?

Deciding whether pet rabbits should live indoors or outdoors depends on various factors related to their welfare, health, and environmental conditions. Consider factors such as weather exposure, predation risk and your ability to monitor their health – as well as your space constraints and how the rabbit’s social interactions would be impacted.  Ensuring your pet rabbit has appropriate housing in winter involves providing a well-insulated and weatherproof shelter.

If housed outdoors, the hutch should be elevated off the ground, equipped with ample bedding such as straw or hay for warmth, and protected from wind, rain, and snow. Adding a cover or tarp can help shield the hutch further from the elements. For indoor rabbits, maintaining a stable, warm temperature away from drafts and providing cozy bedding will keep them comfortable. Additionally, allowing supervised indoor playtime can provide both exercise and warmth during colder months. Regular checks to ensure the rabbit’s water supply doesn’t freeze and providing extra food to meet their increased energy needs are also important for their winter care. 

The choice between indoor and outdoor living should be based on the individual rabbit's needs, the owner's ability to provide a safe and enriching environment, and the local climate and predator risks. 

👐Gentle Handling of Rabbits 

Rabbits that have not been socialised and introduced to handling at an early age (starting at 10–20 days old) may be very nervous. It’s important to move quietly and invite interactions rather than force them on the rabbit. Their fear reaction may include hiding to avoid handling, and escalate to biting and aggression. The rabbit’s behaviour can be reinforced by the way that a person responds to them, leading to further fear and more ‘aggressive’ behaviour. Any rabbit that continually reacts aggressively to attempted handling could be experiencing pain and should be checked by a veterinarian.  

🥬Nutritional Needs for Pet Rabbits 

A balanced diet is essential for the health and longevity of pet rabbits. The primary component of a rabbit's diet should be high-quality hay, which promotes dental health and provides the necessary fiber for proper digestive function. According to the SPCA, hay and grass should make up approximately 85% of a rabbit's diet [4]. The chewing action required to eat hay also helps to wear down rabbits' continuously growing teeth, preventing dental problems. 

Fresh vegetables and leafy greens are another important part of a rabbit's diet, providing essential vitamins and minerals. A variety of vegetables, such as leafy greens, should be offered daily. Pelleted rabbit food can also be included in the diet but should be limited to prevent obesity.  Carrots and fruit should only be provided in small amounts as treats, as rabbits do not naturally eat root vegetables or fruit in the wild.

And of course, access to fresh, clean water at all times is essential for maintaining hydration and supporting digestive health.  Check out SPCA’s page for foods to include and avoid, and there are some great tips here too on the types of food and treats to offer.

🐇🐰Social Needs 

Rabbits are highly social animals, living in family groups in the wild, and not surprisingly in captivity they require the company of one or more other rabbits. Studies of rabbits' motivation for access to social contact showed that this was the same drive as for access to food - suggesting that they value this very highly. [6] 

Under test conditions, rabbits pushed a weighted cat-flap door that was one third their weight to be able to get to another rabbit! The best way to ensure a compatible pair is to keep two littermates together. However, if one is male and the other female (usually the best pairing), it is important to neuter both rabbits before they reach sexual maturity. Unfamiliar rabbits should be introduced to each other gradually, initially with a barrier between them, to ensure they will get on with each other. Lots of food and environmental enrichment will help to keep them occupied when first introduced without the barrier. However as with all social animals, it’s also important to give them space to get away from each other.  

🪀🪜Enrichment  

Rabbits also require appropriate environmental enrichment to maintain their mental health. Providing hiding spots, tunnels, and chew toys can prevent boredom and promote natural behaviours. Including structures for climbing and hiding, can also significantly improve the wellbeing of rabbits by increasing exploratory activities. Ensuring that rabbits have opportunities to interact with their owners and, if compatible, with other rabbits, can further enhance their quality of life. 

🍎Training for rabbits? Hop to it! 

Many people wouldn’t know that you can train rabbits. Rabbits are primarily motivated by treats, particularly sweet ones like fruit (high in sugar, so only a treat!). This makes training easier as they will readily perform tasks for a reward. However, not all rabbits are treat-motivated. For those less interested in food rewards, petting and affection can be alternative motivators. Understanding and leveraging what motivates your rabbit is crucial for successful training. 

Three common training techniques for rabbits [7] are:

• classical conditioning: associating a cue with a reward, such as calling their name when giving a treat.

• clicker training uses a clicker sound to signal correct behaviour, followed by a treat, which helps in teaching more complex tricks.

• luring which involves using a treat to guide the rabbit into performing a desired behaviour, such as spinning or hopping onto a lap. 

For effective training sessions, it's important to keep them short due to rabbits' limited attention spans. Creating a quiet, distraction-free environment and using consistent cues, whether verbal or visual, can enhance learning. Additionally, using high-value treats and gradually phasing them out as the rabbit masters the trick ensures they stay motivated without overindulging. 

Becoming a rabbit guardian means a commitment to understanding their unique needs and providing optimal living conditions year-round.

Owners have the privilege of ensuring the happiness, health, and longevity of their beloved rabbit companions, and in return can foster a vibrant bond with your long-eared friend. 

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In a nutshell: Understanding rabbit care needs 

• Social needs: Rabbits are highly social animals and prefer to live in groups in their natural state. So, it's best for pet rabbits to be kept in a social group, or at least a pair.   

• Dietary Requirements: Rabbits are herbivores with complex digestive systems. A diet rich in hay, fresh greens, and controlled portions of pellets ensures their nutritional balance and digestive health. Scientific studies highlight the significance of fiber-rich foods in preventing gastrointestinal issues, a common concern in rabbit care. 

• Environmental Enrichment: Mental stimulation is crucial for rabbits' happiness and well-being. Enrich their environment with safe chew toys, tunnels, and safe spaces to explore. Research shows that enriched environments reduce stress and promote natural behaviors in rabbits, contributing to their overall health. 

• Socialisation and Training: Rabbits are intelligent and can be trained using positive reinforcement techniques. Evidence based training methods, such as positive reinforcement through clicker training, help foster bonds and teach desired behaviours. Studies emphasise the importance of positive interactions with human carers in building trust and reducing fear in rabbits. 

• Gentle handling: Rabbits not socialised early (10–20 days old) can be nervous. Move quietly and invite interactions instead of forcing them. Fear may lead to hiding, biting, and aggression. Consistent aggressive reactions could indicate pain and should be checked by a vet.

Winter Care Essentials 

• Housing Considerations: Winter poses unique challenges for rabbit care, especially regarding housing. Scientific findings advocate for insulated hutches or indoor enclosures to protect rabbits from cold temperatures and drafts. Providing bedding material like straw or hay offers insulation and comfort. 

• Temperature Regulation: Maintaining a stable temperature is critical during winter. Research highlights the risk of hypothermia and respiratory issues in rabbits exposed to extreme cold. Employing heating solutions, like heat pads or heat lamps, in designated areas of their habitat ensures their comfort and health. 

• Exercise and Activity: Despite the cold, rabbits require regular exercise to prevent obesity and promote circulation. Indoor play areas or supervised outdoor time (weather permitting) facilitate physical activity. Scientific studies emphasise the correlation between exercise and overall wellbeing in rabbits, including mental stimulation and muscle tone. 

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References: 

[1] Skovlund CR, Forkman B, Lund TB, Mistry BG, Nielsen SS and Sandøe P(2023). Perceptions of the rabbit as a low investment ‘starter pet’ lead to negative impacts on its welfare: Results of two Danish surveys. Animal Welfare, 32, e45, 1–13 https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2023.41  

[2] House Rabbit Society. "Housing Your Rabbit." https://rabbit.org/care/habitat/living-space-how-to-set-it-up/  

[3] 'Run access, hutch size and time-of-day affect welfare-relevant behaviour and faecal corticosterone in pair-housed pet rabbits' by Nicola J. Rooney et. al in Applied Animal Behaviour Science 

[4] https://www.spca.nz/advice-and-welfare/article/what-to-feed-your-rabbits  

[5]Magnus, E. (2005). Behaviour of the pet rabbit: what is normal and why do problems develop?. In practice, 27(10), 531-535. 

[6] Seaman, S. C., Waran, N. K., Mason, G., & D'Eath, R. B. (2008). Animal economics: assessing the motivation of female laboratory rabbits to reach a platform, social contact and food. Animal Behaviour, 75(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.09.031 

[7] How to Train Your Rabbit (bunnylady.com) 

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Companion Animals New Zealand encourages Government to prioritise pet welfare

Companion Animals New Zealand, dedicated animal welfare charity and custodian of the national companion animal register, is encouraging the Government to ensure the wellbeing of our country’s pet animal species remain a priority.  

A recently publicised letter from the Minister responsible for Animal Welfare (Hon Andrew Hoggard) to the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (NAWAC) has sparked concern that pet welfare may be being deprioritised.  

NAWAC, an independent body providing animal welfare advice to the Government, has been directed to pause their work on the new rabbit code of welfare and any planned work on other companion animal codes of welfare, shifting focus to livestock codes including dairy cattle, sheep, beef, and deer.  

What are the Codes of Welfare?

Codes of welfare are important because they outline the minimum standards for the care and management of animals, which owners need to follow under the Animal Welfare Act 1999.These codes also include recommended best practices to help animal owners achieve positive welfare outcomes. Regular updates to these codes are essential, incorporating the latest research on animal behaviour and welfare, as well as evolving social attitudes. 

Currently, there is no code of welfare to guide owners regarding the standards required for pet rabbits – that's despite them being the third most popular pet in New Zealand. In addition, the current code of welfare for cats has not had a substantive review for 17 years (having only had small amendments since 2007) and the code of welfare for dogs for 14 years (with last substantive review in 2010). Arguably they are both out of date in relation to current scientific knowledge, and therefore good practice expectations. 

“New Zealanders place immense value on their pets with more than 4.35 million companion animals in the country,” says Professor Nat Waran, Director at Companion Animals New Zealand. “The pet population in New Zealand is a significant one and with up-to-date welfare codes we have an opportunity to ensure standards for companion animals are in line with other pet-loving nations around the world. Cats, dogs, and rabbits are cherished members of our households, and their welfare should reflect their importance in our lives.  

“At Companion Animals New Zealand, our mission is to ensure pets lead a Good Life, which goes above and beyond minimum standards of care. Achieving this goal requires up-to-date and comprehensive pet welfare codes which need to be informed by the latest research evidence.” 

New Zealand should maintain high welfare standards

Given New Zealand's high pet ownership rates – second only to the USA in terms of cat ownership – codes of welfare are essential for providing animal welfare officers with a clear baseline to make changes or address issues with owners. Failure to meet the relevant minimum standards outlined in a code can support prosecution, while a defense may include evidence that the care provided equaled or exceeded these minimum standards.

This legal framework ensures that companion animals in New Zealand receive appropriate care and protection in line with their basic needs, making it easier to uphold and improve welfare standards. 

Many animal welfare charities, including Companion Animals NZ, have worked together to draft proposed Codes for Rabbits, Dogs and Cats – and these have been passed onto to NAWAC for consideration as part of their Codes Work Programme. There is also a Companion Animal Subcommittee of NAWAC that has already started to work on the proposed Rabbit Code of Welfare. 

“We acknowledge the Government has many competing priorities, so we seek to ensure the welfare of companion animals is not overlooked,” adds Professor Waran. “We believe that pet welfare should also be prioritised, reflecting the deep bond New Zealanders share with their pets”.

As an organisation committed to promoting positive welfare for all companion animals, Companion Animals New Zealand encourages the Government to consider the significance of pets in our society and the importance of safeguarding their welfare into the future by prioritising the maintenance of up-to-date, world-leading pet codes of welfare.  

If you’d like to be kept up to date on this topic and others, please sign up to hear from us and our welfare newsletter: https://www.companionanimals.nz/newsletters

Read more about the Codes of Welfare on the MPI website here.

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Disclosure of Conflict of Interest 

In the interest of transparency, it is important we disclose that Professor Nat Waran also sits on the NAWAC However, her comments within this article relate to her position as Director at Companion Animals New Zealand.  

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Webinar series – is your pet misbehaving or misunderstood?

In our upcoming ‘Misbehaviour or Misunderstood’ webinar series open to the public, accredited behaviour consultants and veterinary behaviourists will delve into the behaviour of companion animals. Are we interpreting our animal’s behaviour in the wrong way? How can we better understand their drivers?  

Companion animals hold significant importance in the lives of many New Zealanders. More than a third of households have one or more dogs - and we boast the world's highest cat ownership rate, with over 40% of households having at least one feline friend. It is clear that pets are cherished members of our families.  

Despite widespread pet ownership across New Zealand, many pet owners remain unaware of the intricacies of their animals' behaviours. What are the reasons behind their actions and the potential for behavioural challenges? So many pet owners have the best intentions, but aren’t equipped with the right knowledge.

This knowledge gap can lead to mismatches between the natural behaviours of companion animals and the expectations of their owners. As a result, behaviour issues may arise, causing distress for both pets and their humans. 

Addressing these issues has become an increasingly important area of focus in the field of  ‘clinical animal behaviour’. This field, which combines applied ethology and veterinary medicine, employs evidence-based strategies to address a wide range of abnormal or problematic behaviours exhibited by dogs and cats. Experts in this field employ a multidisciplinary approach, drawing upon insights from psychology, ethology, neurobiology, pharmacology, and veterinary science to develop effective solutions for managing and treating behavioural issues in companion animals. 

Webinar series coming soon! 

In our upcoming ‘Misbehaviour or Misunderstood’ webinar series, accredited behaviour consultants and veterinary behaviourists will delve into the behaviour of companion animals.

These experts will uncover the root causes and motivations behind companion animals’ actions, shedding light on what these behaviours signify for the animal's overall well-being. Offering practical guidance, they'll equip participants with tools to address common behavioural challenges and ensure their pets receive everything necessary for a fulfilling life. 

The series will span 4-5 evening webinars, occurring fortnightly starting on the 31st of July. Each webinar will last approximately 60 minutes, providing ample opportunity for sharing insights and addressing pertinent topics. The webinars are free to attend, with the option to provide a small donation following the webinar if you found it useful - so we can continue to run these events into the future to help Kiwi pet owners across the country. 

Topic number 1

Our first topic Aggression Towards Familiar People - Beyond the Myth of Dominance addresses the complexities surrounding aggression by dogs towards familiar people. Given the prevalent misinterpretations surrounding this behaviour, such as misattributing it to “dominance”, there's a pressing need to understand and address the multifaceted reasons which contribute to this aggression.  

Presenting this topic will be Mat Ward, a Clinical Animal Behaviourist, who has helped thousands of pets (and their humans!) over the past 25 years. Early in his career, while completing his Master’s degree through Massey Vet School, Mat worked hands-on training problem dogs.  During the 2000s he established himself as a leading behaviour practitioner in Edinburgh, Scotland, with over 130 veterinary clinics referring behaviour cases to him by the time he moved back to New Zealand in 2021.  Recently, Mat published “What Dogs Want”, a fun, illustration-filled handbook for dog guardians.  Mat is accredited through the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour as a Certificated Clinical Animal Behaviourist (CCAB), and is accredited or a member of leading companion animal behaviour organisations such as CANZ, ABTC, IAABC, APBC, and FABC. 

During this webinar, Mat will pass on what he has learned from 25 years in the field of dog behaviour. He will outline patterns of aggression towards familiar people he has observed over the years, explain the core reasons for this behaviour, and summarise the practical techniques and recommendations he finds most useful for his clients.   

Be sure to keep an eye out for further updates on this topic on our website and social media channels! You can register your interest in attending via our form linked in the button below. 

What is Companion Animals NZ Accreditation? 

Companion Animals NZ Accredited professionals have demonstrated that they have met the CANZ Accreditation professional standards and follow the CANZ Code of Ethical Conduct. By choosing a CANZ Accredited professional you can be assured that they will use humane training methods that are based on an understanding of the way animals learn. Read more about this here: https://www.companionanimals.nz/accreditation  

Why parrots are unlike any other pet

All animals communicate with us in their own unique way. But can they all mimic our speech? Parrots are fascinating creatures that have captivated human hearts for centuries with their vibrant plumage, mimicking abilities, and engaging behaviour. 

World Parrot Day is 31 May each year and began in 2004, as a way to let everyone know that these remarkable birds need protecting in the wild. As we celebrate World Parrot Day, it's important to acknowledge the incredible beauty, intelligence, and personality of these spectacular birds.  

However, while many people may be drawn to the idea of having a parrot as a pet, it’s crucial to understand that these birds have complex needs and not all parrots are suited for life as a companion animal. Some birds also pose a threat to our native birds by dominating their food sources and nesting sites, so you must know about your species. Fr example, it is illegal to release a rainbow lorikeet into the wild. 

In this article, we aim to celebrate the wonder of parrots by exploring what makes them extraordinary companions for those who can meet their needs – while also acknowledging that their complex requirements, long lifespan, and potential for behavioural issues in the wrong circumstances, make them unsuitable pets for most people.  

Ensuring the welfare of these magnificent creatures often means leaving them in their natural habitats or in the care of experienced and dedicated avian enthusiasts. For those who truly love parrots, supporting conservation efforts and educating others about the challenges of keeping parrots as pets can be a more effective way to appreciate and protect these birds. 

 High-flying cognitive abilities 

Parrots are perceived to be highly intelligent creatures, known for cognitive abilities, vocal mimicry and social intelligence. While parrots are not the only animals that can mimic human speech, their vocal abilities and cognitive skills make them uniquely adept at this form of communication, contributing to their popularity and fascination as pets. 

When we think about common companion animals – like cats and dogs – we know every animal exhibits different types of intelligence which are adapted to their specific ecological niches and evolutionary histories. In short – all pets are smart in their own species-specific way!  

For example, dogs are highly trainable and can learn a wide range of commands and tasks. Cats are excellent problem solvers and are known for their agility and hunting skills. Each animal has unique strengths that highlight different aspects of intelligence. 

Some of the more complex abilities parrots display include: 

• tool manufacture 

• mirror self-recognition 

• object permanence (when you know an object or person still exists even when they are hidden and you can't see or hear them)

• meta-cognition (awareness or analysis of one's own learning or thinking processes) 

• theory of mind (the ability to understand the thoughts, beliefs, desires, and emotions of other people) 

• vocal learning - unique in their ability to mimic human speech and other sounds, which requires advanced auditory learning and vocal control. 

• mental time travel (the capacity to mentally reconstruct personal events from the past as well as to imagine possible scenarios in the future) 

• and complex social cognition (being able to interpret social information and behave appropriately in a social environments) [1] 

Parrots are highly social animals, and their intelligence is often reflected in their complex social interactions and ability to form strong bonds with their human caregivers.  

Some parrots, especially African Grey parrots, have shown remarkable problem-solving and understanding of abstract concepts like numbers and colours . 

The story of Alex 

Alex the parrot, an African Grey, is one of the most famous and studied birds in history, known for his remarkable cognitive abilities and contributions to the understanding of animal intelligence.  

Alex was born in 1976 and was purchased from a pet store by animal psychologist Dr. Irene Pepperberg. The name "Alex" stands for Avian Learning EXperiment. Under Dr. Pepperberg's training, Alex demonstrated the ability to use over 100 words meaningfully. He could identify colours, shapes, sizes, and quantities, and could understand concepts like "same" and "different." 

Alex could count up to six objects, understand the concept of zero, and perform tasks that required an understanding of categories and abstract thinking. He showed the ability to express desires, make choices, and even exhibited behaviours that suggested a form of emotional understanding. 

Alex died unexpectedly on September 6, 2007, at the age of 31. But his passing didn’t stop his legacy living on – with his achievements continuing to garner attention and respect from both the scientific community and the general public. Alex's abilities challenged the prevailing assumptions about the intellectual capacities of birds and animals in general. The Alex Foundation, established by Dr. Pepperberg, continues to support research and educational initiatives to advance the study of animal cognition and promote conservation efforts. 

His last words to Dr. Pepperberg were reportedly, "You be good, see you tomorrow. I love you." 

[Alex image source: New York Times]

What parrots need to live a Good Life 

Being kept in captivity might prevent parrots from doing all the things they'd normally do in the wild. This is especially true for pet parrots in homes where they can't socialise much, fly freely, find their own food, or do regular bird behaviours like bathing and grooming themselves. [2]

That is why it is so important to understand what a significant commitment having a companion parrot is, and to pay careful consideration to how they can live a Good Life. You must ensure you are acquiring your parrot legally and ethically, and do your research on the care levels required.  

Here are some key considerations: 

• Lifespan: Parrots can live for several decades; some species, like African Greys and Macaws, can live up to 60 years or more. Be prepared for a long-term commitment and plan for the parrot's care in the future.  

• Space and housing:

  • Parrots need spacious cages and plenty of room to exercise and fly. Provide a large, well-ventilated cage with appropriate perches, toys, and climbing structures.

  • Allow for supervised out-of-cage time daily if appropriate for your species (eg . If you own a rainbow lorikeet you must be a responsible owner and keep it in secure caging. Advice is available from the Department of Conservation on how to construct suitable caging that reduces the risk of the birds escaping).

  • Parrots are curious and can get into dangerous situations, so proof your home by removing toxic plants, securing electrical cords, and ensuring they can't access harmful substances.

  • Parrots may not always get along with other pets, so introduce other pets cautiously and ensure the parrot has a safe space away from potential threats. 

  • Did you know you can also microchip and register your bird on the NZ Companion Animal Register? This is another way you can ensure you are reunited should you become separated.

• Diet: Parrots require a varied diet to stay healthy, including seeds, pellets, fruits, vegetables, and nuts – depending on your individual bird’s needs. Ensure a balanced diet with fresh water always available, and avoid toxic foods like avocado, chocolate, caffeine, and alcohol. Speak with a vet if you’d like advice when choosing a diet to suit your bird’s needs. 

• Social interaction and mental stimulation:

  • Parrots are highly social and intelligent birds that require interaction and mental stimulation to prevent boredom and behavioural issues.

  • Parrots are generally not solitary animals. In the wild, many parrot species live in flocks or groups, exhibiting social behaviors such as foraging together, grooming each other, and communicating through vocalisations and body language. It is often advised that pet birds are housed in groups or pairs of compatible species to ensure that their need for social contact is met.

  • Pet birds often consider their human family as part of their social “flock”, and so when kept as pets, parrots often form strong bonds with their human caregivers. No matter if you have a solo companion bird or multiple, it is important to spend time interacting with your parrot daily and provide a variety of toys, puzzles, and foraging activities to keep their minds engaged. 

• Noise: Parrots can be very loud, and their vocalisations might be disruptive. Be prepared for the noise level and consider whether your living situation can accommodate it, especially if you have close neighbours. 

• Health care: Parrots require regular veterinary care from a vet specialising in avian medicine. Schedule annual check-ups and be vigilant for signs of illness, such as changes in appetite, droppings, or behaviour. Ensure your parrot is vaccinated and protected from diseases. 

• Behaviour and training: Parrots can develop behavioural issues like biting, feather plucking, and screaming if not properly trained and socialised. Invest time in positive reinforcement training and socialisation from an early age. Try to learn to understand their body language and respond appropriately. 

• Routine and stability: Parrots thrive on routine and can become stressed with changes, so it is good to minimise changes in their environment (outside of those for enrichment and stimulation). Maintain a consistent daily routine for feeding, interaction, and sleep.  

Parrots are extraordinarily unique. The responsibilities that come with being a guardian for these remarkable birds cannot be emphasised enough, and we acknowledge that some parrots thrive best in their natural habitats or in conservation settings. What is undeniable, is that parrots can form special bonds with humans when they are cared for responsibly and ethically.  

As we delve deeper into the realm of animal intelligence, exemplified by the life of Alex the parrot, we gain a clearer understanding of just how complex and advanced these birds truly are. This ongoing research allows us to enhance our knowledge of how to ensure their wellbeing and thriving. 

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A note about native parrots 

There are eight surviving parrot species that are unique to New Zealand and it is essential to appreciate and protect native parrots in their natural environments.

The mainland species include the kea (Nestor notabilis), the New Zealand kākā (Nestor meridionalis), the kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus).

There are also three species of kākāriki (meaning ‘small green parrot’ in Māori): the yellow-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus auriceps), the red-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae), and the orange-fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi). 

As of 2023, the total kākāpō population is 247, with intensive management efforts to prevent its extinction. The orange-fronted parakeet is Critically Endangered, the kākā is listed as Vulnerable, and the kea is classified as Endangered. 

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References:

1 Science Direct: Why Birds are Smart (Onur Güntürkün, Roland Pusch, Jonas Rose)

2. Kennedy and Draper, 1990, van Hoek and ten Cate, 1998, Engebretson, 2006, Gaskins and Hungerford, 2014

How to ensure your elderly dog lives a Good Life as we head into winter

As winter arrives on our doorstep, ensuring the comfort and wellbeing of our senior dogs becomes even more crucial. Here's how you can help your elderly dog live their best life during the colder months.  

As winter arrives on our doorstep, ensuring the comfort and wellbeing of our senior dogs becomes even more crucial. Here's how you can help your elderly dog live their best life during the colder months.  

When is a pet classified as being senior or mature? 

There’s no firm age when a dog goes from being a mature adult to becoming a senior, as the timing varies greatly depending on your dog’s breed and size.  

A small breed dog's lifespan is typically longer than a large breed and can be up to about 16 years. So, a small, healthy dog might not be considered a senior until they are 12 years old. Whereas larger dog breeds tend to have shorter lifespans, meaning they enter their golden years more quickly. A Labradors ’typical lifespan is about 12 years, so they are considered to be senior at around eight to nine years old. Gorgeous giant breeds, such as the Bernese Mountain Dog, would be considered seniors around four to five years old. 

However, the aging process involves reliable signs across breeds.  As our pets age, they show changes in appearance, such as grey hairs, changes in the way they move, as well as reductions in their hearing and visual abilities.  Even if a senior pet does not outwardly appear old, changes will be happening internally, such as their immune and digestive systems. These changes in their physiology lead to behavioural changes which might include altered interactions with the family, confusion about familiar places, changes in sleeping patterns, and toileting accidents.  

Apart from the normal behavioural changes associated with slowing down due to the aging process, there are also age-related complications and disorders which become more likely. These include mobility issues such as stiffness in limbs which may be a sign of arthritis and should be addressed with your vet.  

How does the winter weather factor into this?  

• Temperature regulation: Older pets often struggle with temperature regulation – in the heat or the cold. In winter they have a harder time maintaining their body heat, making them more susceptible to the cold. Aging can lead to changes in the skin and coat, exacerbating the issue, as dry, brittle fur and skin can reduce the effectiveness of their natural insulation.  

• Reduced mobility and stiffness: Cold weather can also exacerbate arthritis and joint pain, making it harder for senior dogs to move around comfortably. Stiffness and discomfort are more pronounced in colder temperatures, leading to reduced mobility and increased pain. Poor circulation is common in elderly dogs, which can make it difficult for them to keep their extremities warm.  

• Weaker immune systems: Senior dogs typically have weaker immune systems, making them more vulnerable to illnesses and infections that are more common in the winter months. Cold weather can also put additional stress on their bodies, further compromising their immune response. 

• Reduced physical activity: Cold weather can discourage older dogs from being active, leading to a more sedentary lifestyle. This reduction in activity can contribute to weight gain and a decline in overall health and mobility. 

Essential winter care for aging canines 

So, what can you do to cater for your elderly companion? 

• Keep them warm: This is the first and most obvious action.  Ensure their living areas and warm and draft-free and provide warm bedding, that might also be orthopedic or memory foam beds to support their joints. Be sure that any heaters are safe and cords cannot be chewed or tripped over by your dog. It may also be appropriate to dress your dog in a warm sweater or coat when going outside, depending on if you dog is happy to wear these. You might protect their paws from cold and ice by using dog booties, which can also prevent slipping. 

• Home modifications: There may also be home modifications you can do to assist your elderly companion, such as using ramps for getting on furniture or in and out of the car, and toe grips to prevent slipping on hardwood floors.  

• Modify exercise: A shorter walk routine might also suit your animals, helping to avoid strenuous activity but also limiting prolonged exposure to the cold. Instead, you could look at increasing enrichment activities to compensate for less walks.  

• Address mobility issues and pain management: Helping senior dogs with mobility issues can improve their quality of life. Veterinarians can advise on the best approach to pain management, which may include pain medications, joint supplements, acupuncture and laser therapy, physical therapy or possibly surgical options. 

• Regular Health Monitoring: Senior dogs benefit from more frequent veterinary visits— ideally twice a year. Monitor their daily routine closely and consult your vet about any significant changes in behavior or health. Specialised diets and supplements may also help manage the effects of aging. 

• Adjust your expectations: Gradual loss of hearing and visual ability can often be confusing and somewhat distressing to your older dog.  Older animals generally gain much comfort and security from being with their owner. These changes in personality might include behaviours such as following the owner around the house, being distressed when left alone, being frightened of the unfamiliar and needing more reassurance.  

 A Good Life for an older animal requires that you cater for their changing needs. It is important to recognise and respond to cognitive decline in your elderly pet. Senior dogs can suffer from cognitive dysfunctions, similar to Alzheimer’s in humans, causing disorientation, house training regression, altered sleep and activity levels, and changes in social interactions. Address behavioral issues early and consult a veterinarian and/or a veterinary behaviorist if you are concerned about this being a problem. 

Finally - provided they receive the care they need as they move into their senior years, your older dog may stay spritely and active for some time to come. The most important elements to keep in mind are regular and timely veterinary care, appropriate nutrition and exercise to their age and health status, and of course mental stimulation.  

By addressing these needs and making necessary adjustments in relation to the weather, you can help your senior dog enjoy their golden years comfortably and healthily, ensuring the best possible quality of life.

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Local cat bylaws – what is required, and where, for our feline companions?

From our last big report in 2020, we found there were over 1.2 million cats in New Zealand with 41% of households being home to at least one cat. Cats are the most popular companion animal in the country.

As the conversation around responsible pet ownership continues to gain momentum, local cat bylaws are being introduced in cities and districts across the country. It can be hard to keep up with what is happening where, so we’re giving you a summary here. 

We are cat fans! 

It is important to state at the outset that Companion Animals NZ is committed to ensuring that companion cats are able to live a good life.  Countless studies have shown the benefits of the human-animal bond for cat owners and for cats. But, we also know that cat management in NZ is a contentious subject, and people can confuse the term 'cat management' with being ‘anti-cat‘.  

Our organisation is all about ensuring animals are able to have a Good Life being cared for by responsible guardians. We consider microchipping and registration to be a key component of this – which is why we are supportive of local government cat bylaws seeking to promote responsible cat ownership and community engagement on these matters. We also know it is very important to ensure responsible pet ownership is at the forefront of discussions and, for cats, this means addressing the unique challenges they pose for our country in order to ensure we maintain social license to keep them as companions – now and into the future. 

As custodian of the New Zealand Companion Animal Register we also clearly want to ensure as many companion animals, including cats, are registered on our national database as possible. By ensuring that as many pets as possible are accounted for in this manner, we enhance the chances of reuniting lost animals with their owners swiftly and efficiently. This not only reduces the distress experienced by both pets and their families but also alleviates the strain on animal shelters and rescue organisations. 

What are bylaws? 

Local government body bylaws relating to cats are rules designed to address the unique challenges associated with managing the domestic cat population, while ensuring the welfare of both cats and native wildlife.  

One key reason for local bodies implementing these bylaws is to mitigate the impact of domestic cats on New Zealand's native biodiversity. Cats, as efficient hunters, are considered to pose a significant threat to native bird species, reptiles, and small mammals. By regulating the roaming habits of domestic cats through bylaws such as mandatory microchipping and registration, local authorities aim to reduce the predation pressure on vulnerable wildlife populations. A second reason is to limit the impacts of overpopulation to communities – resulting in unowned strays exhibiting problematic behaviours. 

Some local bodies also have provisions for things such as how many cats can be kept, but for the purpose of this article we are focusing on desexing and microchipping mandates. We’re not covering containment here, but we have posted an article about keeping cats indoors already here, if you’d like to know more about whether cats can live a Good Life indoors. It is also worth noting that local bodies recognise the exemption to desexing for registered breeders, or if a registered veterinarian certifies that undergoing the procedure will place the cat at unnecessary risk. 

Where are there bylaws currently? 

Here are the bylaws currently in place – some for cities and some for districts – from North to South.  

• Whangārei District Council: requires all cats to be desexed and microchipped by six months of age and registration to the NZCAR (see full bylaw page 7) 

• Ruapehu District Council: their Animals bylaw requires all cats more than six months old to be microchipped and desexed and registered to the NZCAR (see more here) 

• Whanganui District Council: Animals will have to be desexed and, before they are 4 months old, microchipped and registered to the NZCAR. Cats kept for breeding purposes are exempt (see full bylaw here section 8) 

• Manawatū District Council: The Manawatū District Council's Animal Bylaw 2019 came into effect on October 10, 2019 states that every person who keeps cats must ensure cats over six (6) months are de-sexed (unless kept for breeding purposes and are registered with a nationally recognised cat breeders’ body).  (See full bylaw here page 9) 

• Palmerston North City Council: Cats over six months of age need to be microchipped and registered with the New Zealand Companion Animals Register, or other Council approved microchip registry. Cats over six months are required to be desexed (unless kept for breeding purposes and are registered with a nationally recognised cat breeders’ body including New Zealand Cat Fancy Ltd. and Catz Inc.). (see full bylaw here page 7) 

• Hutt City Council: As of 28 March 2024, the Control of Animals Bylaw now includes a section on the Keeping of Cats, which requires owners of cats over 12 weeks of age to ensure the cat is microchipped and registered on the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR); and desexed (unless kept for breeding purposes and registered with a nationally recognised cat breeders' body) 

• Wellington City Council: All domestic cats over the age of 12 weeks must be microchipped and the cat's microchip registered with New Zealand Companion Animal Register. Owners must ensure the microchip information is kept up to date. All domestic cats over six months must be desexed, unless they are kept for breeding purposes and the owner is a current registered breeder with a recognised New Zealand registering body, (read full bylaw here, part 10) 

• Selwyn District Council: All domestic cats over the age of four months in Selwyn district must be microchipped and registered with the approved microchip registry New Zealand Companion Animals Register (NZCAR). Doing this is the best way to ensure your lost pet gets home (read more here) 

What bylaws are on the horizon? 

Other Councils actively considering bylaws relating to microchipping and desexing, as at May 2024, are: 

• Nelson City Council  

• Tasman District Council 

• Buller District Council 

If you do have companion cats, it is important to keep abreast of changes in your area and know you are likely to be able to have your say in a public consultation period.  

Why is this an important conversation right now? 

With Predator Free 2050 set to be reviewed this year with the potential to add feral cats to the mix, the conversation around managing cats and discussing potential confinement measures will only increase. This can be a very controversial and heated topic as, understandably, cats are beloved family members. The conversations are nuanced – there is a pressing need to balance protecting cats, responsible cat ownership and protecting biodiversity also.  

There have been calls from various animal welfare groups for a National Cat Management Act, asking the Government to take a leadership role in supporting comprehensive cat management, including requirements for cats to be microchipped, registered, and to be desexed unless they are registered breeding animals. Just last year, an Environment Select Committee’s recommendation to Parliament was in support of addressing the problems with cat overpopulation in New Zealand. The report called for national legislation involving mandating the desexing and microchipping of companion cats. 

The purrtinent discussion 

By encouraging cat owners to microchip and register their pets, authorities can better track and manage the domestic cat population within their jurisdiction. These bylaws also serve to address concerns related to public health and nuisance behavior associated with cats. By regulating issues such as stray and feral cat populations, cat breeding practices, and the management of cat waste, local authorities aim to create safer, healthier, and more harmonious communities for both residents and pets alike.  

Through collaboration between local governments, cat owners, animal welfare and conservation groups, these bylaws have the potential to create a more sustainable and compassionate future for all inhabitants of Aotearoa. This ‘one welfare’ approach is one we support, which recognises the interconnectedness of animal welfare, human wellbeing, and the environment. 

Related articles:

Should we keep cats indoors?

In recent years, there has been a noticeable shift in society's attitudes towards cats, particularly concerning their safety and environmental impact when allowed to roam outdoors. But can we realistically give them a Good Life indoors – and if so, how? 

The way we live is changing, and that has implications for both us and the cats with which we share our lives. Increased urbanisation means more of us are living in apartments with limited outdoor access. With growing awareness of the dangers posed by predators, traffic, and disease, coupled with the detrimental effects of outdoor cats on native wildlife populations, conversations surrounding the importance of keeping cats indoors have gained traction.  

The New Zealand cat conversation 

Some animal welfare organisations and pet owners are increasingly advocating for indoor lifestyles for cats, emphasising the provision of enriching environments and stimulating activities to ensure their needs are being met.  

In New Zealand, the National Cat Management Strategy Group (NCMSG) has extensively reviewed cat issues in New Zealand and recommend comprehensive cat management, including requirements that companion cats be desexed and microchipped (with microchip details registered) and kept on the owner’s property. This, combined with a review of the Predator Free 2050 strategy this year set to discuss inclusion of feral cats, will mean the “cat conversation” is only going to become more prominent.  

It’s important here to distinguish between the three categories of cats – companion, stray and feral. While we are addressing only companion cats here, the conversations about all cat categories inevitably impact opinions on each. 

What’s fueling the indoor trend for pet owners? 

Some people are making the decision to keep their cats indoors some or all of the time, usually overnight, particularly as urban environments become busier and traffic increases. In fact, research suggests that internationally, the major concern for most cat guardians is the risk posed by busy roads. 

Cats are also more likely to be kept indoors if they are pedigree, getting older or their carer is worried they may get lost (which is why microchipping your cat is essential and, if possible, using visible identification too). 

For some, the shift to keep cats indoors signals a desire to mitigate the negative ecological consequences associated with free-roaming felines.  

Can an inside-only feline live a Good Life? 

Interestingly, there is still a lot we don’t know about how people seek to provide positive environments for cats in our homes. This means there is more to learn about how being indoors affects cats both behaviourally and psychologically.  

However, there are a number of ways that we can improve the wellbeing of our companions if they’re indoors. There are also signs to look out for that may tell us whether our cats are enjoying their inside time or if we need to make some changes to their environment to maximise positive experiences.  

If you’re considering an indoor lifestyle for your cat, it's important to remember that all cats are individuals. Some will happily live indoors, or even choose to remain inside when access to the outdoors is available.  Others may be less adaptable - there is no one-size-fits-all approach. 

Baby steps... 

If your cat is already living with access to the outdoors but you want limit that for some, or part of the day, it’s important you don’t take an “all or nothing” approach. Much like people, cats will prefer to take a gradual approach to major lifestyle changes. Try bringing them in for short periods, gradually increasing duration over time.  

Make sure that time indoors is linked to positive experiences like play, cuddles, favourite treats or even just some quiet time. What they think is positive is dependent on your cat's individual preferences and personality. At first your companion may hang out by the door or increase how much they meow, so try distracting them with something fun and engaging. But, if this doesn’t settle down after a few weeks, “strictly indoors”, may not be the best option for your cat. In these instances, some people may choose to keep any future companion cats inside (exclusively or for the most part) from a young age instead so there is little adapting required for that animal.

Watch their waistlines 

As for many of society’s companion animals, obesity is rising as access to treats and good nutrition increases. This can be made worse by an indoor lifestyle which tends to be more sedentary. There are a few things that we can do to minimise this risk, although it can be hard to resist feeding our pets when they enjoy it so much.  

• Make sure that you keep a record of your cat’s weight after visits to the vet and check for any consistent rises.  

• If you provide lots of treats make sure that you deduct these from your daily feeding. Like lollies, they aren’t an everyday food and can be treated as “instead of” rather than “on top of” meal portions.  

• Measure your cat’s intake and aim to feed according to their weight. All pet food packages come with recommended feeding amounts based on your cat's weight, and sometimes even their lifestyle. Some cats will graze little and often, but others will eat everything you put out in one sitting. Following the manufacturers guidance may take a little extra time, but it’s the best way to ensure there is enough, but not too much. 

• Provide an interesting environment. This will promote activity and, as we all know, good exercise helps keep everyone fit and healthy, cats included. You can think of cats as living in a three-dimensional play space. Unlike us, they can fully utilise vertical space, so make sure there are places to climb, jump and rest - complexity is key. Try introducing new toys and climbing spaces regularly or swapping them around because novelty increases time spent playing and exploring. 

Setting the right scene 

If a cat is brought indoors, remember that a lot of the things they used to do outside they now need to do indoors. This means making sure there is access to fresh water. Many of us don’t know that cats prefer to drink away from where they eat, so provide the two some distance apart rather than a combined food and water area. 

Enrichment for indoor cats should be aimed towards engaging them in activities that provide for their behavioural needs.  Elements of the normal hunting behaviour of cats for example, such as stalking and pouncing, can be satisfied through use of cat toys that may also provide stimulation for their specialised sensory capabilities such as sight and smell.  

These are highly motivated behaviours that if unable to be expressed in some form or another may lead to the animal developing problem behaviours or abnormal responses. Providing for safe and more acceptable expressions of what are normal behavioural needs for cats will go a long way towards enabling cats to live a good quality of life, even when they may not have access to the outdoors or natural outlets for their behaviours. 

Of course, you don't need to use store bought toys. Feel free to get creative - many cats happily play with house hold items, like rolled up tin foil ball or a cardboard box with holes in it that encourages exploration.

Also make sure that the litter tray is somewhere quiet and, if you have more than one cat, there needs to be more than one litter tray. Change it frequently so there are no accidents, as cats prefer their toileting areas clean. It’s important to note that, if accidents are occurring frequently, there may be other issues that require a visit to the vet. These could include kidney or bladder issues or even the onset of senility in older cats. 

Give them quiet comforts too 

Not all cats enjoy the hustle and bustle of a busy household. If you have young children or other pets and notice your cat is frequently absent, they may not always be comfortable in the main living space.  This doesn’t mean they can’t live indoors, it just means that you have to provide a quiet and private space where they can relax undisturbed.

Although it can sometimes be hard if we want to socialise with our cats, we need to respect their choice to be alone, and let them have their quiet time. However, if they are always hiding this could be a sign that things are too stressful and we may need to consider if an indoor lifestyle is the right choice for them.  

If you have more than one cat you should also monitor them. Cats are described as “semi-solitary”, so they don’t always get on with one another. Look out for signs such as being protective of food or spaces such as doorways, or even just never being in the same space at the same time. If they don’t seem to be getting along, you may need to provide additional private spaces to allow cats to navigate the house without bumping into one another too often. It’s also recommended to have one more food and water bowl than you have cats (so three bowls if you have two cats). 

The final word  

Ultimately most cats can adapt to an indoor environment if we take time to make sure the house meets all their needs. This means a Good Life is possible indoors under the right circumstances.  

With discussions around indoor cat care becoming more prevalent, it is equally important to continue raising awareness around the needs of our companions so they can live the Good Life they deserve with responsible, loving guardians. 

Charity to hold national events to safeguard New Zealand’s horse population

EQuiChip® is a community event involving microchipping and registering horses on a national database, helping protect equine welfare in New Zealand through positive identification.  

Founded by Companion Animals New Zealand in 2023 following the catastrophic events of Cyclone Gabrielle, EQuiChip® was first held in the Hawke’s Bay and Wairarapa communities with more than 200 horses microchipped and registered.  Last year's weather events saw a heightened awareness of the need to identify all companion animals – including horses – and take proactive measures in preparing for unforeseen circumstances such as national disasters, biosecurity threats, or theft.  

Six EQuiChip® events will be held this year between May and November in Taupō, Cambridge, North Auckland, West Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch – with the first in Taupō on 26 May. The 2024 series aims to microchip and register between 400 and 500 horses.  

Professor Nat Waran, Director at Companion Animals New Zealand, says the return for a second year of events marks a pivotal moment for horse welfare in New Zealand. 

“Microchipping is an inexpensive and permanent method for identifying animals and is common practice in New Zealand for cats and dogs,” says Professor Waran. “What we are keen to promote is that equine microchipping and registration is also essential for identifying and safeguarding New Zealand's horse population. We are seeing a greater recognition among horse owners, and equine industry bodies alike, of the need for permanent identification and traceability – for not only reuniting animals with their owners when lost, but also mitigating biosecurity risks and the aftereffects of national emergencies. This improves welfare outcomes for animals and their owners.

“The latest microchips can even measure a horse's temperature at the chip implantation site, offering a safe and quick alternative to traditional methods.” 

Events will occur primarily on Saturdays or Sundays and are managed by Companion Animals New Zealand in partnership with local veterinarians, equine organisations and volunteers. The cost for horse owners will be minimal compared to regular microchipping costs, encouraging as many horse owners to come along and ensure their animal is easily identifiable now and into the future.  

The process, akin to a routine vaccination, involves the insertion of a microchip the size of a grain of rice, into the horse's neck by a veterinary professional. The microchip number is then linked to the horse and owner details on the New Zealand Companion Animal Register. Approved Users (vets, SPCA, animal control officers etc.) carrying universal scanners can easily read the chips, aiding in swift identification and contact with the registered horse owners/guardian’s details associated with the horse – even in emergencies. Animals that are registered have been found to be three times more likely to be reunited with their owners.  

“While Companion Animals New Zealand facilitates the creation of the events, we are an animal welfare charity and we rely on generous sponsors, the local equine community and veterinary clinics to deliver them,” continues Professor Waran.  “EQuiChip® is a testament to collective efforts towards ensuring the well-being and safety of horses across New Zealand. We hope many more areas will opt to host their own event and reach out to us to be guided on how to do so!” 

For further information, event bookings, and queries about hosting an event, please visit www.companionanimals.nz.  

Giving your donkey a Good Life

Donkeys possess a unique blend of qualities that make them exceptional companions.  Alongside their basic physical and environmental needs related to appropriate food, water, shade and shelter, providing a Good Life for donkeys can present challenges that may be underestimated by prospective owners. We explore what it takes to give them a Good Life in this article. 

To better understand donkeys, it is key to look at their history. Donkeys have evolved from desert environments and many of their natural behaviours reflect this harsh environment; from how they find food, to how they form social bonds – and even how they express pain. 

Dr Amy McLean, Assistant Professor of Teaching Animal Science in California, works on the World Donkey Breeds Project and outlines the way in which donkeys express their behaviours. 

“We can think of a donkey as an economist,” says Dr McLean. “They are quite frugal in how they expend energy – likely stemming from their desert history – but that’s not to say they don’t enjoy company and various types of forages. Donkeys have specific dietary and environmental requirements that differ from those of other domestic animals, requiring careful attention to their nutrition, shelter, and socialisation.” 

Group dynamics 

Very importantly, a donkey does need friends. Being social animals they have evolved complex communication systems. Studies have investigated their vocalizations, body language, and social dynamics and the way they communicate with each other and with humans. This means that social opportunities are essential for a positive mental state, and donkeys should not be kept alone. 

The social structure of donkeys in a wild setting is considered territorial but it’s not uncommon to find donkeys living in small groups, usually a jenny, a female donkey with several generations of her offspring. 

Jennies and geldings tend to form close bonds with other donkeys and humans. This is not to say that jacks don’t enjoy company of other donkeys, but they may be more selective in who they allow in their territory. Some jacks may display more dominant behavior, so it is important to choose a friend wisely and monitor how they interact.  It is also not uncommon for domestic jacks and gelding donkeys to be friends.  

Enrichment opportunities 

Donkeys need mental stimulation – they have an excellent memory and problem-solving abilities and learn well through observing a demonstrator donkey. Their superior behavioural flexibility allows them to solve puzzles and tasks often better than horses. This might also be helped by their long memories and ability to remember individuals, locations and the solutions to various puzzles of tasks. This is why an enriched, complex environment is important for keeping a donkey occupied and feeling good.  

Some ways you can enrich the environment for donkeys is by adding scratching posts, a soft place to roll in the dirt or sand and enrichment tools such as balls and toys.  

“Many donkeys are very expressive with toys and will play with balls and other stimulus items,” continues Dr McLean. “You will see your donkey enjoying its play time and you can test which enrichment items they prefer based on their interactions.  

“Also, consider if you can eat ice cream every day then it may not truly be a treat or fun after a while, so the same with your donkey, supply the enrichment tools at various times throughout the day to provide the additional stimulation and then remove the item after a short duration of play time (30 mins to an hour) otherwise the enrichment item may lose its luster.” 

Donkeys like to forage 

Donkeys are often compared to horses, but they have a lot of differences. Thinking about a desert, there’s limited green grass and the donkey would have to walk, search and taste to see if the food source is palatable. Green pastures do appear to be ideal for horses but not for donkeys. Donkeys can easily become obese on the smallest amount of grass and an overweight donkey does not equal a happy donkey,so it can work to limit grazing to early mornings. 

Dr McLean suggested keeping your donkey companion entertained and happy by simulating a more natural feeding scheme. 

“Donkeys express browsing behaviors, which allow them to seek out certain plants or even acquired tastes.  In a taste preference study we conducted years ago, we found our group of former wild donkeys collected from the Nevada range to prefer the most expensive offering of concentrate and top dressed with herbs such as oregano.  

“If you are considering how to keep your long-eared friend happy, I would suggest offering your donkey stemy forage or even brush to nibble on, provide browsing opportunities and even a tree branch (from a safe source of trees). This will encourage your donkey to walk, investigate and seek food stuffs, versus offering all its meals on a silver platter.” 

Avoiding the negatives 

If you happen to have a donkey that is overweight and you are considering options for improving their health, think about slowly taking off the weight and going on donkey hikes and walks while slowly changing their routine and nutrition. 

“It is important to note that a donkey can get very sick if they drop weight too quickly and this can lead to a condition called hyperlipidemia which causes the liver to shut down. Many donkeys may also become depressed and sad when wearing a grazing muzzle, so consider alternatives to this for grazing. 

“The same can happen if your donkey becomes very stressed. So, any changes in the donkeys’ regular routines, life or even transport should be done thoughtfully and carefully. Donkeys may appear to be strong and stoic, but they are actually very sensitive, and they don’t start to communicate with us that they are not feeling well until often times it’s too late.  

“When trying to look for discomfort in your donkey consider looking at the overall body posture, ear position, eyes (are they bright or dull), the tightness of their eye and their upper and lower lips. These areas will help tell you more about how your donkey is feeling and just think about what a happy donkey looks like- ears forward or alert, eyes bright, slight smile to the lips and back and legs are in a straight and proud position. “ 

The loving touches 

Donkeys enjoy attention as well, so getting to know what attention your donkey enjoys is key.  

“Speak kindly to your donkey and do use your voice, scratches, and petting to understand where they really enjoy touch, such as scratching the inside of the ears and the base of the tail. You can also test different brushes when grooming your donkey to help create and maintain your donkey-human interactions and bonds.  

“Your donkey will communicate with you what he/she likes by leaning into you and once you create this special bond with your donkey expect more vocalization when you come home or whenever your donkey sees you,. You will likely be greeted by a happy donkey expressing their contentment through a bray! 

“Last but not least, consider providing a loving name for your donkey so every time you see and interact with your donkey and its donkey friend, your voice will smile when you say its name and your donkeys will pick up on the joy and will respond with positive donkey emotions.”  

  Donkey companions embody loyalty, resilience, and affection, making them cherished companions for those fortunate enough to share their journey. 

Dog Anxiety Awareness Week

Dog Anxiety Awareness Week takes place from 6-12 May this year. This is a great time to shed light on the multifaceted aspects of canine anxiety; a common emotional state among dogs which requires attentive care and support. 

In the realm of pet behaviour, the terms "anxiety" and "fear" often overlap, yet they carry distinct meanings crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Anxiety, unlike fear, stems from an anticipatory sense of threat, triggered by contextual cues rather than immediate danger.

Recognising and addressing anxiety in our furry family members is pivotal for their wellbeing and ability to have a Good Life. 

What can cause anxiety? It’s important to get to the root cause of the anxiety in order to address it. For example, it could be related to being separated from the owner – where the root cause is likely to be ‘over-attachment’ - this is something that has been reported to be common in dogs that have been rehomed repeatedly. Alternatively, it could be triggered by specific events like fireworks, initially causing fear but evolving into anxiety due to the inability to locate or control the source.

Having an understanding of the reason for the anxious response goes a long way to helping to resolve it and improve dogs’ quality of life. 

What are the tell-tale signs of anxiety in dogs? 

Anxious dogs and cats exhibit a spectrum of behaviours signalling their distress. 

1. Behavioural changes: Dogs experiencing anxiety may exhibit alterations in their behaviour patterns. This can include increased arousal levels, hyper-vigilance, hesitation or inhibition in completing tasks, restlessness, and heightened locomotor activity (moving the body through space from one location to another). Additionally, they may display behaviours such as pacing, excessive barking, or compulsive actions. 

2. Physiological symptoms: Anxiety often manifests in physiological responses in dogs, including increased heart rate and respiratory rate. Excessive panting, trembling, or shaking are common physiological signs observed during anxious episodes. 

3. Changes in interaction: Anxious dogs may demonstrate differences in their social interactions. They might display over-attachment behaviours towards their owners, seeking constant reassurance or physical contact, especially during stressful situations. 

4. Toileting issues: In cases of separation anxiety or heightened distress, dogs may exhibit inappropriate toileting behaviours indoors, such as urinating or defecating inside the house. This can serve as a visible indicator of their emotional state. 

5. Destructive behavior: Anxiety can lead to destructive behaviours in dogs, such as chewing furniture, digging, or scratching excessively. These actions often occur as a coping mechanism or outlet for their heightened emotional arousal. 

6. Withdrawal and Avoidance: Some anxious dogs may exhibit withdrawal behaviours, seeking isolation or hiding in secluded areas. They might also display avoidance behaviours, attempting to escape or avoid situations that trigger their anxiety. 

7. Excessive vocalisation: Anxious dogs may vocalise excessively, manifesting as whining, howling, or barking beyond typical communication needs. This vocalisation can serve as an expression of their distress or an attempt to seek attention or relief. 

 What to do if you think your dog has anxiety? 

To all the pet owners who find themselves navigating the complex world of canine anxiety, we commend you for your unwavering dedication to your companion animal’s welfare. Recognising the signs of anxiety in your dog is a testament to your attentiveness and empathy as a guardian.  

It's essential to acknowledge that while your love and concern are invaluable, you can't be expected to be the sole expert in deciphering and managing your dog's anxiety. Treating anxiety-related behaviours requires a nuanced understanding of their underlying triggers. Seeking help from trained professionals is a proactive step towards ensuring the best possible care for your beloved pet.  

Veterinarians and Certified Animal Behaviorists play a pivotal role in diagnosing, treating, and managing anxiety-related concerns in pets. Their guidance, alongside tailored treatment plans, empowers pet owners to address behavioural challenges effectively. Once diagnosed with the help of a trained professional, a comprehensive approach involving medication and physical activity proves most effective in managing canine anxiety, as untreated anxiety can have long-lasting mental and physical health complications. 

What might an expert address? 

Depending on the root cause of anxiety, there are various strategies that can be used to help your animal’s specific needs: 

1.  Behaviour modification techniques: Implementing behaviour modification techniques based on positive reinforcement can help dogs learn to cope with anxiety triggers. Desensitization and counter-conditioning techniques gradually expose the dog to anxiety-inducing stimuli in a controlled manner while pairing them with positive experiences, such as treats or play, to change their emotional response. 

2. Environmental enrichment: Enriching the dog's environment with toys, puzzles, and interactive activities can provide mental stimulation and alleviate boredom, which can contribute to anxiety. Additionally, creating safe spaces, such as cozy dens or quiet retreats, where the dog can retreat during stressful situations can help them feel more secure. 

3. Regular exercise and mental stimulation: Engaging in regular physical exercise and mental stimulation through activities like walks, play sessions, and training exercises can help reduce anxiety by promoting relaxation and releasing endorphins, which are natural stress-relievers. 

4. Consistent routine: Establishing a consistent daily routine for feeding, exercise, playtime, and rest can provide dogs with a sense of predictability and security, reducing anxiety related to uncertainty or change. 

5. Nutritional support: Some dietary supplements and specially formulated foods contain ingredients that may help support canine mental health and reduce anxiety. Consultation with a veterinarian can help identify appropriate dietary interventions for anxiety management. 

6. Medication: In severe cases of anxiety or when other interventions are insufficient, prescription medications may be necessary to manage symptoms. Medications can help alleviate anxiety and improve the dog's overall wellbeing. However, medication should always be used under the guidance of a veterinarian and as part of a comprehensive treatment plan. 

If you have specific concerns, we recommend speaking with your vet or reaching out to an accredited professional to assist you and your animal. You can see a list of Companion Animal New Zealand’s accredited professionals here. 

Is my pet happy?

Expert blog: Professor Nat Waran 

As pet owners, we've all wondered: Is my pet truly happy? While the debate surrounding animal emotions has been ongoing for centuries, recent scientific inquiry sheds light on this intriguing topic. 

Most animal owners would agree that there are times when it certainly appears as if their companion animals are happy or content – such as when they are sunning themselves in the favorite place or in the company of their preferred group-mates. 

But how can we really tell? Might we just be applying our human lens of happiness to our pets? 

The debate about whether animals have emotions similar to humans has been topical for centuries, and scientists have traditionally been reluctant to investigate what was thought to be an unscientific area until relatively recently. 

What pet owners think 

In a recent independent survey commissioned by Companion Animals NZ, 81% of dog and cat owners stated that it was important to them that their pet was happy.  

Respondents outlined the common barriers to providing pets with what they might need as work/life commitments, cost of living, not having enough time and lack of information about animal emotions.

Most pet owners felt their pets were quite happy and when asked about what made them happy, top of the list was food, closely followed by being groomed and interacting with their humans.  

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What makes you happy? 

Before jumping in, there are some big questions asked. What are animal emotions? Do animals experience ‘happiness’ as we do, and if so what makes our animals happiest? How can we provide them with what they need to experience positive emotions? 

Emotions can be broadly defined as innate, intense but short-lived responses to an event that has behavioural, physiological, subjective (sometimes referred to as the ‘feeling’), and cognitive components. Often hard to ‘read’ in animals other than our own species, they are inferred through changes in behaviours and physiology associated with them. 

Starting with humans...In humans, it has proved difficult to measure happiness – just as it has with negative emotions such as pain and sadness too. For most humans, we rely on verbal information; people telling us how they feel. Assessment of happiness is through rating happiness levels on tried and tested scoring scales. In fact, there are often ‘tables’ produced of the happiest places in the world where people have the best quality of life based on people who were surveyed ranking according to standardised criteria.  

Research into positive emotions in humans tells us that there are many different views on the causes of happiness, but most people agree that being happy relates to having pleasurable activities, good social relationships, feeling engaged in life and feeling as if life has meaning or purpose. Happiness is perceived as a positive state of mental wellbeing and is correlated with having a good life. 

What if we can’t say how we feel?  It gets even more challenging when dealing with non-verbal humans (for example babies) and animals. Emotions are elusive and personal and difficult to access, especially in animals.  

We now know that similar central and peripheral neural mechanisms which are involved in emotion in humans are also found in animals, and indeed we know that many animals will actively seek resources and situations which we assume provide them with a pleasurable experience and will avoid situations that might be assumed to be negative.  In short, they want to avoid things that make them feel bad, and are attracted to things that make them feel good -  just like us! 

Seeking positive experiences also offers clear survival advantages. For instance, when animals display behaviors associated with positive emotions, like relaxation or pleasure, during social interactions such as mutual grooming, it signals to others in the group that their actions are favorable. This encouragement can immediately reinforce behaviors that are not only enjoyable but also contribute to long-term health and well-being. 

Whilst it’s true that animals can’t directly tell us what they are feeling, they do express their emotions through their behaviour including choices they make and various postures. It’s important that pet owners are well versed in these species specific behavioural indicators of positive and negative emotion to ensure their animals are enjoying positive welfare. 

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What science can tell us about animal happiness 

Recent research on animal happiness has identified key behavioral indicators for assessing their quality of life. These include: 

• levels of play behavior 

• social interactions / affiliative behaviours 

• body language cues 

• certain vocalisations.  

By focusing on these indicators, known as animal-based welfare indicators, pet owners can better understand their animal's emotional wellbeing. This allows owners to prioritise the emotional experience of their animal, regardless of the context they are operating in.  

For example, whether a cat is kept indoors or outdoors, owners can assess their pet's happiness by observing behaviors such as a gently waving tail, a relaxed purr, calm demeanor, interest in surroundings, and relaxed grooming. These positive behaviors suggest that the cat is likely experiencing happiness or contentment required to have a Good Life, similar to how humans feel when their needs are met for a fulfilling life. 

A new area of research involves the link between specific neurotransmitters and behavioural indicators of positive emotions in dogs and cats. Various studies have shown that increased oxytocin concentrations normally associated with ‘attachment’ and positive feelings described by humans as ‘love’ or ‘happiness’ are found when animals exhibit highly affiliative behaviour, including ‘gazing’ at their owners, or when animals are reunited with their owners.  

So why is being happy important? Happy pets are healthier pets. 

Many authors writing about happiness in humans argue that positive emotions benefit long-term health and there are biological markers that can be used to show this. For example, in one study1 it was shown that there was an association between human well-being and three biological markers: heart rate, cortisol and plasma fibrinogen levels (hormones used for measuring stress in humans and animals). Interestingly, the people who rated themselves the least happy had cortisol levels that were 48% higher than those who rated themselves as the ‘most happy’.  

While we don’t yet know whether being happy or content leads to the same results in our pets, we do know that being distressed and experiencing high levels of stress hormones or showing lots of stress behaviours are associated with lowered immune defense and consequently a greater incidence of illness. So, keeping our animals happy or in a positive mental state is a good way to keep them both physically and mentally healthy.  

Finally –it’s clear that happy pets make happy animal guardians. Our survey results show that people really care about whether their animals are happy and trying to make them happy, with 36% of owners believing their pets could be happier. People’s plans for improving their pets’ lives included spending more time with them, playing more with them and providing them with greater mental stimulation using toys and enrichment.  

Companion Animals New Zealand is committed to providing owners with the knowledge and tools to enable their pets to live fulfilling lives, addressing challenges associated with recognising emotional expression in animals and harnessing the science of human behaviour change to promote positive welfare outcomes for our pets in New Zealand. 

 
If you want to learn more about our work please have a look at our website: https://www.companionanimals.nz/    

1. SEE Böckerman, P., Bryson, A., Viinikainen, J., Hakulinen, C., Hintsanen, M., Pehkonen, J., Viikari, J. & Raitakari, O. (2017). The biometric antecedents to happiness. PLoS ONE   

Video: Professor Nat Waran on her work with International Equine Ethics and Wellbeing Commission

At the recent International Society for Equitation Science (ISES) conference at Cambridge, New Zealand, in March 2024, Professor Nat Waran from Companion Animals New Zealand spoke about the work she led in developing a proposed welfare strategy with a new vision of a Good Life for Horses in Sport.

As Chair of the independent Equine Ethics and Wellbeing Commission set up in June 2022 by the FEI (the international governing body of equestrian sports), Nat led the 10-person Commission who were tasked with developing a final report with recommendations to safeguard equine welfare and the future involvement of horses in sport.

Watch her summary of this work in the following video.

Are we over-rugging our horses?

As the weather cools at this time of year and we start to feel the cold, there is an often misplaced perception among many horse owners that their animal must also be getting cold and will need to be rugged. But before dashing out to cover our horses up, it's worth considering if this is actually the case? Or are we making them “too hot to trot”? 

Over-rugging can be problematic for horse comfort and wellbeing. It is important to know how to strike the right balance for our climate and the needs of your individual horse.

Our New Zealand climate  

New Zealand has a diverse climate. While it ranges from subtropical in the far north to temperate in the south, it also includes extremes and microclimates in the coastal and mountainous regions. Our country’s weather patterns are heavily influenced by our maritime location and mountainous terrain, resulting in variable conditions throughout the year. Winters can be chilly – especially in the southern regions – but much of the country enjoys mild temperatures for a significant portion of the year.

We are great at planning our own outfits for NZ’s variable weather, but it can be tricky to interpret how our horses experience the same conditions. It is important to remember, horses don’t feel the cold in the same way that we do. The temperature range that a healthy adult horse will feel comfortable in, where they can regulate their own body temperature is between 5°C and 25°C.   

Research suggests that horses only begin feeling the cold below 5°C . That’s well below when we throw on a jacket. Horses are extremely efficient at regulating their body temperature, which they do by eating more forage, seeking shelter, reducing the blood flow to the limbs (to reduce heat loss), increased movement and shivering. As winter approaches, a horse will naturally grow their coat in response to the shortening day length. Therefore, although well intentioned, putting a rug on when the horse’s body has already started prepping for winter, may be negative for their health and wellbeing. 

The risks associated with over-rugging:  

• One of the primary concerns with rugging is overheating, particularly during periods of mild or fluctuating weather or when horses are highly active. Under normal conditions, horses will actively respond to cold or hot temperatures by seeking shelter or shade. Unfortunately, the horse cannot escape from a rug (easily) and so cannot regulate their own temperature.  

• Sadly, there are some horse owners who choose to keep a rug on their horse 24/7. When horses are constantly covered, their skin may become sweaty and damp, creating an ideal environment for skin issues such as dermatitis and fungal infections. In addition, they will miss out on the benefits of sunlight on a large part of their body and research shows that this can affect the level of the Vitamin D the horse needs for remaining healthy.  

• Rugs aren’t a natural attire for a horse. They don’t always fit well and can be too tight or too loose. They can also impede the horse’s free movement and reduce some of the benefits horses get from natural behaviours such as rolling and grooming each other. In addition, when the weather is nasty, rugs sometimes leak and can become heavy when wet and muddy. They need to be regularly checked for comfort and dryness, and a spare rug should be available for these circumstances.  

So - when is a rug needed? 

First and foremost, not all horses require the same level of protection. Factors such as age, breed, body condition, and health status, coupled with the environmental conditions, and access to feed and shelter, all influence a horse’s tolerance to cold temperatures. Older horses or those with underlying health issues may benefit from additional insulation, whereas younger, healthier horses may do well with little to no coverage. If a horse has little body fat (a fat score of less than two on a scale of 0 to 5), a rug will be needed if temperatures drop. The horse’s legs, ears or face are not the best areas to indicate how cold they are, instead their neck, withers and body temperature should be assessed. 

There is no strict rule for NZ’s conditions. 10°C is a good benchmark for when rugging could be considered (but not necessarily implemented for the reasons given earlier). For instance, research shows that horses with a thick winter coat, can comfortably tolerate temperatures well below freezing (0°C) without the need for rugs, especially if they have access to shelter from the elements and good quality feed. The latter supports the horse by providing them with adequate energy to stay warm. Conversely, horses that have been clipped, or those moving from warmer too cooler climates and therefore not acclimated nor equipped with a thick coat, may benefit from rugging to maintain comfort and prevent chilling. 

After taking into account your horse’s individual needs, the next step is to consider the weather conditions they will encounter. Autumn brings cooler nights followed by warm days. Therefore, a rug might be appropriate at night, but should be removed during the day. Autumn daytime temperatures can soar to nearly 20°C in some areas and if it's not possible to remove the night rug, the horse will be too hot. Even a light cotton rug challenges a horse’s ability to thermoregulate as temperatures rise; one Australian study showed that whilst the cotton rugs intended to reduce fly irritation might serve that purpose, they also resulted in heat stress in horses when the temperatures were above 25°C.  

Letting horses decide 

Researchers in one creative study taught horses to ‘vote with their muzzles’; the horses learned to touch symbols which represented whether they wanted their rug on or off. ¹ Interestingly, no horse preferred a rug on when experiencing temperatures above 20°C. Even at 10°C the horses showed a preference for ‘no rug’, however this was dependent on other weather conditions, such as wind and rain together (opted for the rug) or more sun (opted against the rug). In addition, older horses were more likely to choose a rug on when temperatures reduced. While we can’t all enrol our horse in a preference study, we can take note of the research related to horse preferences and observe what our horses are doing. Are they seeking shade, even when we feel comfortable? Is their coat hot or damp under their rug? Are they breathing more than they would on a cool day? (An adult horse’s normal resting respiratory rate is around 8 – 16 breaths a minute). If you notice any of these signs, take note of the weather, and try removing the rug when conditions are similar.  

Concluding thoughts 

Reevaluating our approach to horse rugging in New Zealand demands a nuanced understanding of our diverse climate and the individual needs of our equine companions. The risks associated with over-rugging emphasise the importance of striking the right balance between protection and allowing horses to regulate their body temperature naturally.  

With temperatures varying across the islands and seasons, there's no one-size-fits-all rule for rugging horses. Instead, horse owners must consider factors such as coat thickness, health status, age of horse and prevailing weather conditions to make informed decisions. By staying attentive to their horses' cues and consulting with equine professionals, we can ensure the well-being and comfort of our equine partners while navigating the complexities of New Zealand's climate. 

If you have specific questions about your horse’s health, speak to your vet.

1 - Study: Horses can Communicate Blanketing Preferences – The Horse