New research exploring how cats adapt to indoor living

A research collaboration between Companion Animals NZ and the University of Adelaide, Australia, is providing insight into how cats - and their human guardians - adapt to having a cat living exclusively indoors.

Why is this research needed?

Cats may live indoors for a number of reasons, including urban living, individual pet health needs, and environmental concerns. The transition to indoor living is not well-researched and raises questions for many pet guardians. This study aimed to better understand this process and provide evidence-based information about this transition in living.

About the research

The study received support and funding from Healthy Pets, the University of Adelaide, HeyRex, and CANZ.  We had a lot of interest from the community, with 114 people registering their interest to participate in the study.  

A total of 16 cats and their guardians carefully selected to meet criteria participated in the month-long study, which included: 

• A one-week baseline period where cats maintained their usual outdoor access 

• Three weeks of exclusive indoor living 

• Cat activity monitoring through wearable activity trackers 

• Regular behavioural surveys completed by human guardians

This approach allowed us to track activity levels and behavioural changes of the cats throughout the transition period, while also gathering insights from pet guardians about their experiences.

Research in progress

The data collected during this study is currently being analysed, with results expected to be available soon. This analysis will help us better understand how cats adjust their activity patterns when transitioning to indoor living and what behavioural changes both cats and their guardians experience during this process.

“We were delighted by how many people wanted to be part of this study - it shows a keen interest in understanding more about cat behaviour and their housing options. There hasn’t been much research in this area, so we’re excited to fill that knowledge gap.”

— Renée Railton, Animal Welfare Programme Coordinator

Looking ahead

The findings from this research aim to enhance our understanding of the transition from outdoor to indoor living for cats and their human guardians. The study is focused on exploring various living scenarios for cats, without suggesting any inherent preference for indoor living. Our goal is to provide an unbiased, comprehensive view of the factors influencing these transitions. We will share updates on the research as we complete the analysis of the results.

A big thank you to HeyRex and Healthy Pets who generously supported this programme of work.

The weighty issue: How our love for dogs might be hurting them

National surveys conducted by animal welfare charities and researchers indicate a concerning decline in some key aspects of our dog’s welfare. For example, more dogs are presenting to vets with behavioural problems and health issues, such as obesity. As dog owners, we all want the best for our furry friends, but sometimes our love can have unintended consequences. 

Research highlights the link between our behaviour, dog weight, and overall dog welfare. Obesity in dogs is a growing concern in New Zealand, mirroring trends worldwide. With an increasing number of pets being classified as overweight or obese, understanding the causes, consequences, and potential solutions is crucial for dog owners. 

The impact of obesity on dogs 

Recent studies indicate that approximately 40% of dogs in New Zealand are overweight or obese. This excess weight makes dogs more susceptible to a range of health issues, including: 

• Diabetes 

• Joint problems 

• Heart disease 

• Respiratory issues 

• Decreased lifespan 

What contributes to canine obesity? 

Research conducted in New Zealand and internationally has highlighted various factors contributing to this worrying epidemic. A study carried out by Massey University identified common owner behaviours that contribute to canine obesity, including feeding practices and exercise routines. Additionally, a recent New Zealand-based survey of dog owners found that many underestimate their pet’s weight, leading to overfeeding. 

A survey of over 11,000 dogs (including 80 breeds) in the United Kingdom revealed a connection between obesity and several unwanted problem behaviours in dogs, such as: 

• Guarding and stealing food 

• Aggression 

• Fear of going for walks

• Poor recall (not coming back when called)

The study suggested that many of these behaviours were linked to owners being less likely to exercise their dogs. Overweight dogs were often kept on a leash more frequently, restricting their freedom and opportunities for exercise. Interestingly, the survey also found that owners of overweight dogs tended to have a different relationship with their pets, often treating them like “babies” and allowing them to sleep in their beds. 

Key factors contributing to obesity in dogs: 

1. Owner Behaviours

   One of the most significant contributors to obesity is how owners manage their dog's diet. Many pet owners are unaware of the appropriate portion sizes for their dogs or tend to overindulge them with treats and table scraps. A Massey University study in New Zealand found that a lack of understanding of dog nutrition is common among pet owners. The research highlighted that free-choice feeding  (leaving food out for dogs to graze) was common among some owners, contributing to overeating. Not surprisingly owners who provided measured portions were less likely to have overweight dogs.

2. Exercise routines

   New Zealand research found that many dogs receive less than 30 minutes of exercise per day, falling short of the recommended amount for maintaining a healthy weight. 

   Other studies suggest that their owner's activity level directly influences a dog’s exercise level. Encouraging daily exercise not only helps maintain a healthy weight for your dog and improves their overall behaviour through providing more mental stimulation, but it is also healthier for you!

3. Owner perception of weight

   Many owners struggle to accurately assess whether their dog is overweight. Research, including a New Zealand study, suggests that owners often underestimate their dog’s weight, leading to overfeeding. 

   For example, while a healthy Labrador Retriever should weigh between 25-30 kg, many owners reported weights exceeding 35 kg as normal. Understanding how to assess your pet’s body condition and knowing what a healthy weight is for your dog is crucial. Regular check-ups with a veterinarian can help clarify your dog’s health status.

4. Breed predisposition

   Certain breeds are naturally more prone to becoming overweight or obese. For example, breeds such as labradors are particularly susceptible to overindulging! Owners of these more food motivated breeds need to be extra vigilant when managing weight, diet and exercise.

5. Environmental factors

   Urbanisation and busy schedules, mean many owners struggle to prioritise their dog’s exercise needs. Additionally, it may be difficult to find a safe place to exercise a dog in certain places. 

6. dog age and health issues

   Some medical conditions and medications can contribute to weight gain. Hypothyroidism, for example, can lead to obesity if not properly managed. Older dogs also tend to exercise less, requiring careful diet management. Regular veterinary check-ups, including weight checks, can help identify and manage these issues early. 

So, what can dog owners do to manage their animal’s weight?

1. understand your dog’s nutritional needs

   Educating yourself about dog nutrition is essential. Veterinary clinics and pet stores can play a significant role by providing educational resources and advice tailored to your dog’s breed, age and fitness.  

2. schedule veterinary check-ups

   Routine vet visits can help monitor a dog’s weight and overall health. Vets can provide personalised dietary recommendations and exercise plans tailored to individual dogs. 

3. Establish healthy exercise habits together

   It is key to maintain a consistent feeding schedule with measured portions, limit treats, and ensure adequate exercise. Engaging in daily walks and play sessions also helps keep dogs active and healthy.

4. find community events or initiatives

   Local councils and organisations often promote dog-friendly parks and community events to encourage exercise and socialisation. Dog walking groups or fitness classes can also help dog owners become more active with their pets.

5. Choose healthier diet options

   Ask your vet about healthier diet options and responsible feeding practices to keep your dog in optimal health.

Obesity in dogs has become a significant welfare issue in New Zealand. Understanding the relationship between our behaviours and our dogs' weight is crucial for responsible pet ownership. By making informed choices about feeding and exercise, we can significantly improve our dogs’ quality of life. 

A healthy dog is a happy dog, and it’s our responsibility to ensure they thrive in every way possible!  

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References: 

1. Forrest R, Awawdeh L, Esam F, Pearson M, Waran N. Potential Owner-Related Risk Factors That May Contribute to Obesity in Companion Dogs in Aotearoa New Zealand. Animals. 2022; 12(3):267. 

1. Gates, M., Zito, S., Harvey, L., Dale, A., & Walker, J. (2019). Assessing obesity in adult dogs and cats presenting for routine vaccination appointments in the North Island of New Zealand using electronic medical records data. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 67(3), 126–133. 

1. German, A., Blackwell, E., Evans, M. and Westgarth, C. (2017). Overweight dogs are more likely to display undesirable behaviours: results of a large online survey of dog owners in the UK. Journal of Nutritional Science. See https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5468744/  

2025: The year technology unlocks the secrets of animal emotions?

Imagine having a simple, science-based tool to assess your pet’s emotional state in real time? This technology could be on the horizon and we’re excited to see what 2025 brings in this space. 

Animals communicate their emotions in many ways—through their behaviour, body posture, and even facial expressions. But what if technology could help us understand them better? 

Humans rely heavily on facial expressions to convey emotions, and we’re naturally attuned to recognising them from birth. It’s no surprise that we often look to an animal’s face to gauge how it’s feeling. With the right tools, humans could more accurately interpret an animal's emotional state, improving both animal and human welfare. 

A new era in animal emotion research 

Traditional methods for studying animal emotions often involve invasive techniques, like measuring blood parameters, or time-intensive behavioural analysis. However, advancements in technology borrowed from human facial expression studies are changing the game. 

Researchers are now using cameras and smart software to analyse subtle facial changes in animals — like eye shape, ear movement, or nostril flare — when they experience different emotions. This non-invasive method provides a safer, more efficient way to assess how animals feel. It also opens the door for pet owners to better understand emotions like fear, happiness, or sadness in their furry, feathered, or scaled companions. 

For these tools to truly benefit animal welfare, they must be backed by rigorous scientific validation. Researchers need to confirm that the facial movements detected are directly linked to emotional states. While tools for interpreting negative emotions like pain and aggression have been developed for species such as rats, mice, sheep, and horses, creating tools for positive emotions—or for less expressive species like chickens—remains a challenge. 

Exciting advances in research 

At Companion Animals New Zealand (CANZ), our ‘A Good Life for Animals’ research team is collaborating with international experts to explore the potential of using behavioural and facial expression for improving welfare outcomes. For example, in an exciting joint project with Lyon College in Arkansas, USA, Dr. Britt Florkiewicz, undergraduate student researcher Levi Neal and Dr. Gosia Zobel (CANZ) are leading a study to delve into the mysterious world of cat facial expressions.  We’re investigating feline facial expressions and how they’re interpreted – all 270 of them! 

This study also seeks to explore whether New Zealanders can accurately predict the outcomes of interactions between cats by interpreting their facial expressions, what features people use to assist their assessment, and whether there are specific human characteristics—such as a person’s age, occupation, or previous experience with cats—that affect their accuracy.  

CANZ is also working with a Brazilian animal welfare research group led by Professor Adroaldo Zanella at the University of Sao Paolo to investigate use of advancements in AI to develop improved ability to recognise signs of positive and negative emotions in horses when they are being ridden.  The three year PhD project being carried out by student and veterinarian Gabriel Lencioni, will assess the use of deep learning to understand equine emotions and so far the results are very promising.  

Professor Nat Waran, Director of A Good Life for Animals Centre, adds why CANZ is so interested in these advancements:  

“Whilst animal owners may feel that they can already read their animal’s expression or mood, without the robust science-based approach that underpins the development of precision technology such as the facial recognition software, there is always a risk that an animal owner could misread an animal’s intent and as such put themselves, the animal or a third party in a compromised situation. 

“The opportunity to make use of technological solutions to support improvements in animal welfare is extremely exciting.”

— Professor Nat Waran

The future: improved human- animal communication and connection? 

Imagine having a simple, science-based tool to assess your pet’s emotional state in real time. This technology could enhance the bond between humans and animals, improve welfare, and even prevent misunderstandings that could lead to unsafe situations. 

While many pet owners feel they already understand their animals, being able to use research-based tools offers a level of precision that can reduce the risk of misinterpreting an animal's mood or intentions. As technology advances, we’re moving closer to a future where animal emotions will be far more accessible to us providing a bridge to deeper human-animal connection and improved care. 

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A Good life for all horses – national horse day

A Global Call for Positive Welfare for All Equids 

The newly published Good Welfare for Equids white paper sets a high bar for improving the welfare of horses, donkeys, and their hybrids (known collectively as ‘equids’). While primarily aimed at influencing European Union legislation, the framework offers insights and recommendations that resonate globally.  

The report underscores the importance of treating equids as sentient beings, capable of experiencing emotions like joy, contentment, and pain, and calls for ensuring their wellbeing regardless of their role—be it for sport, leisure, work, or companionship. 

The report emphasises that: 

• Equids have complex social, mental, and physical needs that must be met for them to thrive. 

• A good quality of life involves more than minimising stress or fear; it requires actively fostering positive experiences such as pleasure and contentment. 

• Good care, nutrition, social interaction, and ethical exercise not only benefit the animals but also strengthen the bond between equids and humans. 

To achieve this, the paper outlines the Five Provisions framework for equid welfare: 

1. Good nutrition 

1. A good physical environment 

1. Good health 

1. Positive social and behavioral interactions 

1. Positive mental experiences 

It also highlights the risks associated with various sectors where equids are involved, from production and sports to rescue and retirement, and advocates for robust identification and traceability systems to ensure their protection. 

Professor Nat Waran, one of the contributors to this report and Director of ‘A Good Life Center’ at Companion Animals NZ, emphasises the ethical responsibility to promote equid welfare, fostering positive outcomes for animals and the humans who depend on them. 

"Horses, donkeys, and mules are sentient beings who feel joy, fear, and pain, just as we do. This paper is a vital step toward recognising equids as sentient beings with unique physical, mental, and emotional needs, addressing the gaps and providing actionable recommendations to ensure equids live a "Good Life." By focusing on their quality of life, not just minimising harm, but fostering positive experiences, we can set a global standard for equid welfare that benefits both the animals and the people who both care for them and rely on them." - Professor Nat Waran 

This comprehensive framework challenges stakeholders worldwide to prioritise the welfare of equids, ensuring they live fulfilling lives. For more details, you can read the full white paper here: 

Is purring always a sign of happiness in cats?

In our recent survey 92% of cat owners told us that they view their cat purring as a sign that they are happy or in a positive state of mind. Cats vocalise to communicate with others and express their internal states.

Whilst its true that cats do purr when they are content or happy – there are also other situations when purring might take place. It’s important, for ensuring a good quality of life for our cats to be able to recognize the different meanings for each type of purr. 

What is a purr?

Not all of the cat family can purr. This wonderful sound is only found in domestic cats and some wild cats. Purring involves specific anatomical and physiological mechanisms. The sound originates from the rapid contraction and relaxation of the muscles within a cat's larynx (voice box), which causes the vocal cords to separate creating a wonderful sound that is both rhythmic and consistent.

What we now know is that cats purr not only when they're happy and content but also when they're frightened, in pain, or stressed. This varied purpose suggests that purring serves to help them cope with various emotions.

Why do cats purr?

For the most part cats purr as a way to communicate their emotional state whether positive of negative.

What we now know is that cats purr not only when they're happy and content but also when they're frightened, in pain, or stressed. This varied purpose suggests that purring serves to help them cope with various emotions.

What benefits does purring have?

There are a number of other benefits to purring which help in whatever situation that prompted it, including:

1. Self-calming: because it is sometimes performed by cats experiencing stressful situations, purring is thought to help lower stress and induce a calmer state of mind for the cat.

2. Social bonding: purring encourages maintenance of positive relationships. For example, The mother cat (queen) purrs during labour, which is thought to try to relieve discomfort and she will purr after her kittens are born enabling the kittens to follow the vibrations she makes towards the teats. Kittens begin purring when they're just a few days old, and this seems to help maintain the connection with the mother cat (queen) that is needed for kitten survival. Cats also purr to maintain significant human relationships too.

3. Specific meaning conveyed through the different sounds of the purr: the frequency of a cat’s purr can vary, and some cats learn to purr when they’re hungry or want human attention.

4. Healing properties: Researchers believe that a neural oscillator in the cat's brain sends signals to the laryngeal muscles, causing them to twitch at a rate of 25 to 150 vibrations per second (Hz). This is the range associated with many healing processes. This may be why purring is thought to promote tissue regeneration, and bone growth/fracture healing. Some studies also suggest that exposure to these vibrations can help reduce pain and inflammation, potentially speeding up recovery from injuries (see Muggenthaler, 2001). Other research suggests that people who own cats also have a 40% lower risk of heart attacks than non-cat owners, and blood pressure has been shown to be lowered in owners after interacting with their purring cats. This may be due to the reported calming effect that purring has on owners of cats (Ravenscroft et al., 2021). 

““Having the cat sitting next to me purring is always quite calming” ”

— (from Ravenscroft et al., 2021)

How can you recognise the different reasons for Purring?

Paying attention to the situation or context and the cat's body language when its purring can help you interpret the meaning behind their purrs more accurately!

There are various underlying motivations associated with purring in cats. Examples include:

1. The purr of contentment: this is a deep, steady purr that usually occurs when a cat is relaxed and comfortable and can be seen when they’re being stroked and when resting in a preferred area.

2. Solicitation purring: a learned behaviour that has been reinforced by the cat owner, is a higher-pitched more urgent sounding purr  (often mixed with loud meows) usually associated with begging behaviour, whilst soliciting their human’s attention, or asking for food.

1. The purr associated with anxiety or distress: if a cat is purring while exhibiting signs of distress (like hiding), the purr might sound more erratic or higher in pitch. It is thought that this is the cat’s attempt at trying to reduce their stress and soothe themselves.

2. A pain-related purr: a cat in pain may purr quietly and intermittently. The purr might be softer and less rhythmic and sound subdued.

Purrs have different meanings depending on the context and motivation of the cat. Distinguishing between the different sounds (pitch, intensity and frequency) helps owners to understand the underlying emotion being experienced by the cat (Figure from McComb et al., 2009) 

So the next time you hear your cat purring, have a look at the context he/she is in (hiding, sitting looking straight at you, resting on your knee) and consider the rest of their body language (tail movement, posture, facial expression) to ensure that you have a full appreciation of whether this is the sound of a happy, sad, stressed, painful or attention-seeking cat, so that you can provide them with what they need from you to ensure good welfare.  

EXPERT Article written by:

Professor Nat Waran,

Director of A Good Life for Animals Centre

References: 

Bradshaw JW. (2016) Sociality in cats: a comparative review. J Vet Behav. 11:113-124. 

Bradshaw J, Casey RA, Brown SL. (2012) The Behaviour of the Domestic Cat. CAB International, Wallingford. 

da Silva Garcia, F. A. B., & Martins, D. T. L. F. (2016). Does cat attachment have an effect on human health? A comparison between owners and volunteers. Pet Behaviour Science, 1-12. 

McComb, Karen et al. (2009) The cry embedded within the purr. Current Biology, Volume 19, Issue 13. 

Peters G. (2002) Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals. Mammal Rev. 32:245-271 

Ravenscroft, S. J., Barcelos, A. M., & Mills, D. S. (2021). Cat-human related activities associated with human well-being. Human-Animal Interaction Bulletin 2021. 

Elizabeth von Muggenthaler (2001) The felid purr: A healing mechanism? J. Acoust. Soc. Am.  110 (5_Supplement): 2666. 

Two EQuiChip® Events complete!

EQuiChip® is a community initiative dedicated to improving equine welfare through microchipping and registering horses on the NZ Companion Animal Register for positive identification. Our 2024 series has already successfully hosted events in Taupō and Cambridge, and we are eagerly anticipating the upcoming events.

Founded by Companion Animals New Zealand in 2023 after Cyclone Gabrielle, the first EQuiChip® events were held in Hawke’s Bay and Wairarapa, microchipping over 200 horses. There are so many benefits of equine microchipping and registration, including helping with proof of ownership, the ability to include body temperature measurements and assisting with mitigating biosecurity risks. The process is easy and, similar to a vaccine, the chip is inserted with a needle.

The 2024 series is taking place between May and November in Taupō, Cambridge, Invercargill, West Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch, aims to microchip and register 400-500 horses. Events are organised by Companion Animals New Zealand in collaboration with local veterinarians, equine organisations, and volunteers, with support from MSD Animal Health and the New Zealand Equine Health Association. 

All attendees receive a Thermochip thanks to MSD Animal Health. A Thermochip works in a horse by being implanted in a ligament in the neck area. This microchip includes a temperature sensor that can accurately measure the horse's temperature. When a compatible scanner is passed over the microchip, it not only reads the horse's unique identification number but also retrieves the temperature data. This allows veterinarians and caretakers to monitor the horse's temperature easily and frequently without causing stress or discomfort. Regular temperature monitoring can help in early detection of illnesses, ensuring prompt and effective treatment while maintaining the horse's overall wellbeing.

Two down - four to go

Already two events have taken place and were a great success! With 65 horses added to our New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR), we are so pleased their guardian’s details are now linked to their animal in case they ever get separated.

Our first 2024 EQuiChip® event took place in Taupō on Sunday 26 May. What an amazing community event with many volunteers pitching in to get 33 horses microchipped and registered on the NZCAR. A big thank you to our local support there - the Vets from Waikato Equine Veterinary Centre Taupō, Fiber Fresh National Equestrian Centre Taupō and Taupō Equestrian Supplies.

In Cambridge, we successfully microchipped 28 horses and registered 32 on the day to our NZ Companion Animal Register (with some already chipped). Big thanks to our local supporters Cambridge Equine Hospital, CambridgeRaceway, Shoof International and Garrards Horse and Hound.

With four more still to go, we can’t wait to help more communities get behind positive horse identification.

“The process was so much quicker and easier than I thought! Now I have peace of mind that we could be reunited far quicker if we ever become separated.”

— Cambridge horse owners

EQuiChip® Cambridge

EQuiChip® Taupō

Not just cuddles and carrots - the truth about rabbit care

Rabbits are often cherished as delightful companions, yet their care requirements extend far beyond mere cuddles and carrots. As the third most popular pet in New Zealand, rabbits are in many households but not everyone has a good understanding of their needs in order to have a Good Life. 

Cuddly, cute and relatively small... the perfect pet for young humans right? Well... no, not really.  

There is a common misconception that rabbits make great low-cost pets for children, and this view can quickly lead to poor welfare outcomes for a rabbit. How this came about could be debated, but one argument could be made that across media and pop culture, rabbits are frequently depicted as friendly, docile creatures that make great companions, suitable for children. 

So, what do they actually need to live a Good Life as companion animals? 

Not a ‘starter pet’ 

Rabbits are small, prey animals and are relatively fragile compared with cats or dogs; they require gentle handling and can easily become fearful of being handled if they have bad experiences.  

They are sometimes viewed as easy care ‘starter-pets’ suitable for children. However, some studies have shown that owners who viewed rabbits as ‘starter pets’ often provided inadequate housing and low investment in essential resources like continuous gnawing opportunities, hay, and routine healthcare [1]. This was especially the case where children were the main caregivers. Without better knowledge of what the problems can be for rabbits as pets and what good welfare for rabbits entails - as well as increased public promotion of this information – the stereotype of them as ‘starter-pets’ is likely to continue. 

🏠 Housing and exercise 

Rabbits are burrowing animals. They need a complex environment with space to perform their natural behavioural tendencies such as ‘hopping about’, digging, gnawing and hiding.  

Proper housing is crucial for the welfare of pet rabbits with an environment that allows them to express their natural behaviors. According to the House Rabbit Society, rabbits need a minimum enclosure size of 4-6 times the length of the rabbit stretched out, with ample height to allow them to stand on their hind legs without their ears touching the top of the cage [2].  

Additionally, rabbits should have regular access to a larger area for exercise outside their enclosure. This is supported by a study from the University of Bristol, which found that rabbits with access to larger living spaces showed significantly fewer signs of stress and more natural behaviors compared to those confined to smaller cages [3]. 

Inside or outside?

Deciding whether pet rabbits should live indoors or outdoors depends on various factors related to their welfare, health, and environmental conditions. Consider factors such as weather exposure, predation risk and your ability to monitor their health – as well as your space constraints and how the rabbit’s social interactions would be impacted.  Ensuring your pet rabbit has appropriate housing in winter involves providing a well-insulated and weatherproof shelter.

If housed outdoors, the hutch should be elevated off the ground, equipped with ample bedding such as straw or hay for warmth, and protected from wind, rain, and snow. Adding a cover or tarp can help shield the hutch further from the elements. For indoor rabbits, maintaining a stable, warm temperature away from drafts and providing cozy bedding will keep them comfortable. Additionally, allowing supervised indoor playtime can provide both exercise and warmth during colder months. Regular checks to ensure the rabbit’s water supply doesn’t freeze and providing extra food to meet their increased energy needs are also important for their winter care. 

The choice between indoor and outdoor living should be based on the individual rabbit's needs, the owner's ability to provide a safe and enriching environment, and the local climate and predator risks. 

👐Gentle Handling of Rabbits 

Rabbits that have not been socialised and introduced to handling at an early age (starting at 10–20 days old) may be very nervous. It’s important to move quietly and invite interactions rather than force them on the rabbit. Their fear reaction may include hiding to avoid handling, and escalate to biting and aggression. The rabbit’s behaviour can be reinforced by the way that a person responds to them, leading to further fear and more ‘aggressive’ behaviour. Any rabbit that continually reacts aggressively to attempted handling could be experiencing pain and should be checked by a veterinarian.  

🥬Nutritional Needs for Pet Rabbits 

A balanced diet is essential for the health and longevity of pet rabbits. The primary component of a rabbit's diet should be high-quality hay, which promotes dental health and provides the necessary fiber for proper digestive function. According to the SPCA, hay and grass should make up approximately 85% of a rabbit's diet [4]. The chewing action required to eat hay also helps to wear down rabbits' continuously growing teeth, preventing dental problems. 

Fresh vegetables and leafy greens are another important part of a rabbit's diet, providing essential vitamins and minerals. A variety of vegetables, such as leafy greens, should be offered daily. Pelleted rabbit food can also be included in the diet but should be limited to prevent obesity.  Carrots and fruit should only be provided in small amounts as treats, as rabbits do not naturally eat root vegetables or fruit in the wild.

And of course, access to fresh, clean water at all times is essential for maintaining hydration and supporting digestive health.  Check out SPCA’s page for foods to include and avoid, and there are some great tips here too on the types of food and treats to offer.

🐇🐰Social Needs 

Rabbits are highly social animals, living in family groups in the wild, and not surprisingly in captivity they require the company of one or more other rabbits. Studies of rabbits' motivation for access to social contact showed that this was the same drive as for access to food - suggesting that they value this very highly. [6] 

Under test conditions, rabbits pushed a weighted cat-flap door that was one third their weight to be able to get to another rabbit! The best way to ensure a compatible pair is to keep two littermates together. However, if one is male and the other female (usually the best pairing), it is important to neuter both rabbits before they reach sexual maturity. Unfamiliar rabbits should be introduced to each other gradually, initially with a barrier between them, to ensure they will get on with each other. Lots of food and environmental enrichment will help to keep them occupied when first introduced without the barrier. However as with all social animals, it’s also important to give them space to get away from each other.  

🪀🪜Enrichment  

Rabbits also require appropriate environmental enrichment to maintain their mental health. Providing hiding spots, tunnels, and chew toys can prevent boredom and promote natural behaviours. Including structures for climbing and hiding, can also significantly improve the wellbeing of rabbits by increasing exploratory activities. Ensuring that rabbits have opportunities to interact with their owners and, if compatible, with other rabbits, can further enhance their quality of life. 

🍎Training for rabbits? Hop to it! 

Many people wouldn’t know that you can train rabbits. Rabbits are primarily motivated by treats, particularly sweet ones like fruit (high in sugar, so only a treat!). This makes training easier as they will readily perform tasks for a reward. However, not all rabbits are treat-motivated. For those less interested in food rewards, petting and affection can be alternative motivators. Understanding and leveraging what motivates your rabbit is crucial for successful training. 

Three common training techniques for rabbits [7] are:

• classical conditioning: associating a cue with a reward, such as calling their name when giving a treat.

• clicker training uses a clicker sound to signal correct behaviour, followed by a treat, which helps in teaching more complex tricks.

• luring which involves using a treat to guide the rabbit into performing a desired behaviour, such as spinning or hopping onto a lap. 

For effective training sessions, it's important to keep them short due to rabbits' limited attention spans. Creating a quiet, distraction-free environment and using consistent cues, whether verbal or visual, can enhance learning. Additionally, using high-value treats and gradually phasing them out as the rabbit masters the trick ensures they stay motivated without overindulging. 

Becoming a rabbit guardian means a commitment to understanding their unique needs and providing optimal living conditions year-round.

Owners have the privilege of ensuring the happiness, health, and longevity of their beloved rabbit companions, and in return can foster a vibrant bond with your long-eared friend. 

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In a nutshell: Understanding rabbit care needs 

• Social needs: Rabbits are highly social animals and prefer to live in groups in their natural state. So, it's best for pet rabbits to be kept in a social group, or at least a pair.   

• Dietary Requirements: Rabbits are herbivores with complex digestive systems. A diet rich in hay, fresh greens, and controlled portions of pellets ensures their nutritional balance and digestive health. Scientific studies highlight the significance of fiber-rich foods in preventing gastrointestinal issues, a common concern in rabbit care. 

• Environmental Enrichment: Mental stimulation is crucial for rabbits' happiness and well-being. Enrich their environment with safe chew toys, tunnels, and safe spaces to explore. Research shows that enriched environments reduce stress and promote natural behaviors in rabbits, contributing to their overall health. 

• Socialisation and Training: Rabbits are intelligent and can be trained using positive reinforcement techniques. Evidence based training methods, such as positive reinforcement through clicker training, help foster bonds and teach desired behaviours. Studies emphasise the importance of positive interactions with human carers in building trust and reducing fear in rabbits. 

• Gentle handling: Rabbits not socialised early (10–20 days old) can be nervous. Move quietly and invite interactions instead of forcing them. Fear may lead to hiding, biting, and aggression. Consistent aggressive reactions could indicate pain and should be checked by a vet.

Winter Care Essentials 

• Housing Considerations: Winter poses unique challenges for rabbit care, especially regarding housing. Scientific findings advocate for insulated hutches or indoor enclosures to protect rabbits from cold temperatures and drafts. Providing bedding material like straw or hay offers insulation and comfort. 

• Temperature Regulation: Maintaining a stable temperature is critical during winter. Research highlights the risk of hypothermia and respiratory issues in rabbits exposed to extreme cold. Employing heating solutions, like heat pads or heat lamps, in designated areas of their habitat ensures their comfort and health. 

• Exercise and Activity: Despite the cold, rabbits require regular exercise to prevent obesity and promote circulation. Indoor play areas or supervised outdoor time (weather permitting) facilitate physical activity. Scientific studies emphasise the correlation between exercise and overall wellbeing in rabbits, including mental stimulation and muscle tone. 

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References: 

[1] Skovlund CR, Forkman B, Lund TB, Mistry BG, Nielsen SS and Sandøe P(2023). Perceptions of the rabbit as a low investment ‘starter pet’ lead to negative impacts on its welfare: Results of two Danish surveys. Animal Welfare, 32, e45, 1–13 https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2023.41  

[2] House Rabbit Society. "Housing Your Rabbit." https://rabbit.org/care/habitat/living-space-how-to-set-it-up/  

[3] 'Run access, hutch size and time-of-day affect welfare-relevant behaviour and faecal corticosterone in pair-housed pet rabbits' by Nicola J. Rooney et. al in Applied Animal Behaviour Science 

[4] https://www.spca.nz/advice-and-welfare/article/what-to-feed-your-rabbits  

[5]Magnus, E. (2005). Behaviour of the pet rabbit: what is normal and why do problems develop?. In practice, 27(10), 531-535. 

[6] Seaman, S. C., Waran, N. K., Mason, G., & D'Eath, R. B. (2008). Animal economics: assessing the motivation of female laboratory rabbits to reach a platform, social contact and food. Animal Behaviour, 75(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.09.031 

[7] How to Train Your Rabbit (bunnylady.com) 

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Companion Animals New Zealand encourages Government to prioritise pet welfare

Companion Animals New Zealand, dedicated animal welfare charity and custodian of the national companion animal register, is encouraging the Government to ensure the wellbeing of our country’s pet animal species remain a priority.  

A recently publicised letter from the Minister responsible for Animal Welfare (Hon Andrew Hoggard) to the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (NAWAC) has sparked concern that pet welfare may be being deprioritised.  

NAWAC, an independent body providing animal welfare advice to the Government, has been directed to pause their work on the new rabbit code of welfare and any planned work on other companion animal codes of welfare, shifting focus to livestock codes including dairy cattle, sheep, beef, and deer.  

What are the Codes of Welfare?

Codes of welfare are important because they outline the minimum standards for the care and management of animals, which owners need to follow under the Animal Welfare Act 1999.These codes also include recommended best practices to help animal owners achieve positive welfare outcomes. Regular updates to these codes are essential, incorporating the latest research on animal behaviour and welfare, as well as evolving social attitudes. 

Currently, there is no code of welfare to guide owners regarding the standards required for pet rabbits – that's despite them being the third most popular pet in New Zealand. In addition, the current code of welfare for cats has not had a substantive review for 17 years (having only had small amendments since 2007) and the code of welfare for dogs for 14 years (with last substantive review in 2010). Arguably they are both out of date in relation to current scientific knowledge, and therefore good practice expectations. 

“New Zealanders place immense value on their pets with more than 4.35 million companion animals in the country,” says Professor Nat Waran, Director at Companion Animals New Zealand. “The pet population in New Zealand is a significant one and with up-to-date welfare codes we have an opportunity to ensure standards for companion animals are in line with other pet-loving nations around the world. Cats, dogs, and rabbits are cherished members of our households, and their welfare should reflect their importance in our lives.  

“At Companion Animals New Zealand, our mission is to ensure pets lead a Good Life, which goes above and beyond minimum standards of care. Achieving this goal requires up-to-date and comprehensive pet welfare codes which need to be informed by the latest research evidence.” 

New Zealand should maintain high welfare standards

Given New Zealand's high pet ownership rates – second only to the USA in terms of cat ownership – codes of welfare are essential for providing animal welfare officers with a clear baseline to make changes or address issues with owners. Failure to meet the relevant minimum standards outlined in a code can support prosecution, while a defense may include evidence that the care provided equaled or exceeded these minimum standards.

This legal framework ensures that companion animals in New Zealand receive appropriate care and protection in line with their basic needs, making it easier to uphold and improve welfare standards. 

Many animal welfare charities, including Companion Animals NZ, have worked together to draft proposed Codes for Rabbits, Dogs and Cats – and these have been passed onto to NAWAC for consideration as part of their Codes Work Programme. There is also a Companion Animal Subcommittee of NAWAC that has already started to work on the proposed Rabbit Code of Welfare. 

“We acknowledge the Government has many competing priorities, so we seek to ensure the welfare of companion animals is not overlooked,” adds Professor Waran. “We believe that pet welfare should also be prioritised, reflecting the deep bond New Zealanders share with their pets”.

As an organisation committed to promoting positive welfare for all companion animals, Companion Animals New Zealand encourages the Government to consider the significance of pets in our society and the importance of safeguarding their welfare into the future by prioritising the maintenance of up-to-date, world-leading pet codes of welfare.  

If you’d like to be kept up to date on this topic and others, please sign up to hear from us and our welfare newsletter: https://www.companionanimals.nz/newsletters

Read more about the Codes of Welfare on the MPI website here.

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Disclosure of Conflict of Interest 

In the interest of transparency, it is important we disclose that Professor Nat Waran also sits on the NAWAC However, her comments within this article relate to her position as Director at Companion Animals New Zealand.  

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Webinar series – is your pet misbehaving or misunderstood?

In our upcoming ‘Misbehaviour or Misunderstood’ webinar series open to the public, accredited behaviour consultants and veterinary behaviourists will delve into the behaviour of companion animals. Are we interpreting our animal’s behaviour in the wrong way? How can we better understand their drivers?  

Companion animals hold significant importance in the lives of many New Zealanders. More than a third of households have one or more dogs - and we boast the world's highest cat ownership rate, with over 40% of households having at least one feline friend. It is clear that pets are cherished members of our families.  

Despite widespread pet ownership across New Zealand, many pet owners remain unaware of the intricacies of their animals' behaviours. What are the reasons behind their actions and the potential for behavioural challenges? So many pet owners have the best intentions, but aren’t equipped with the right knowledge.

This knowledge gap can lead to mismatches between the natural behaviours of companion animals and the expectations of their owners. As a result, behaviour issues may arise, causing distress for both pets and their humans. 

Addressing these issues has become an increasingly important area of focus in the field of  ‘clinical animal behaviour’. This field, which combines applied ethology and veterinary medicine, employs evidence-based strategies to address a wide range of abnormal or problematic behaviours exhibited by dogs and cats. Experts in this field employ a multidisciplinary approach, drawing upon insights from psychology, ethology, neurobiology, pharmacology, and veterinary science to develop effective solutions for managing and treating behavioural issues in companion animals. 

Webinar series coming soon! 

In our upcoming ‘Misbehaviour or Misunderstood’ webinar series, accredited behaviour consultants and veterinary behaviourists will delve into the behaviour of companion animals.

These experts will uncover the root causes and motivations behind companion animals’ actions, shedding light on what these behaviours signify for the animal's overall well-being. Offering practical guidance, they'll equip participants with tools to address common behavioural challenges and ensure their pets receive everything necessary for a fulfilling life. 

The series will span 4-5 evening webinars, occurring fortnightly starting on the 31st of July. Each webinar will last approximately 60 minutes, providing ample opportunity for sharing insights and addressing pertinent topics. The webinars are free to attend, with the option to provide a small donation following the webinar if you found it useful - so we can continue to run these events into the future to help Kiwi pet owners across the country. 

Topic number 1

Our first topic Aggression Towards Familiar People - Beyond the Myth of Dominance addresses the complexities surrounding aggression by dogs towards familiar people. Given the prevalent misinterpretations surrounding this behaviour, such as misattributing it to “dominance”, there's a pressing need to understand and address the multifaceted reasons which contribute to this aggression.  

Presenting this topic will be Mat Ward, a Clinical Animal Behaviourist, who has helped thousands of pets (and their humans!) over the past 25 years. Early in his career, while completing his Master’s degree through Massey Vet School, Mat worked hands-on training problem dogs.  During the 2000s he established himself as a leading behaviour practitioner in Edinburgh, Scotland, with over 130 veterinary clinics referring behaviour cases to him by the time he moved back to New Zealand in 2021.  Recently, Mat published “What Dogs Want”, a fun, illustration-filled handbook for dog guardians.  Mat is accredited through the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour as a Certificated Clinical Animal Behaviourist (CCAB), and is accredited or a member of leading companion animal behaviour organisations such as CANZ, ABTC, IAABC, APBC, and FABC. 

During this webinar, Mat will pass on what he has learned from 25 years in the field of dog behaviour. He will outline patterns of aggression towards familiar people he has observed over the years, explain the core reasons for this behaviour, and summarise the practical techniques and recommendations he finds most useful for his clients.   

Be sure to keep an eye out for further updates on this topic on our website and social media channels! You can register your interest in attending via our form linked in the button below. 

What is Companion Animals NZ Accreditation? 

Companion Animals NZ Accredited professionals have demonstrated that they have met the CANZ Accreditation professional standards and follow the CANZ Code of Ethical Conduct. By choosing a CANZ Accredited professional you can be assured that they will use humane training methods that are based on an understanding of the way animals learn. Read more about this here: https://www.companionanimals.nz/accreditation  

Why parrots are unlike any other pet

All animals communicate with us in their own unique way. But can they all mimic our speech? Parrots are fascinating creatures that have captivated human hearts for centuries with their vibrant plumage, mimicking abilities, and engaging behaviour. 

World Parrot Day is 31 May each year and began in 2004, as a way to let everyone know that these remarkable birds need protecting in the wild. As we celebrate World Parrot Day, it's important to acknowledge the incredible beauty, intelligence, and personality of these spectacular birds.  

However, while many people may be drawn to the idea of having a parrot as a pet, it’s crucial to understand that these birds have complex needs and not all parrots are suited for life as a companion animal. Some birds also pose a threat to our native birds by dominating their food sources and nesting sites, so you must know about your species. Fr example, it is illegal to release a rainbow lorikeet into the wild. 

In this article, we aim to celebrate the wonder of parrots by exploring what makes them extraordinary companions for those who can meet their needs – while also acknowledging that their complex requirements, long lifespan, and potential for behavioural issues in the wrong circumstances, make them unsuitable pets for most people.  

Ensuring the welfare of these magnificent creatures often means leaving them in their natural habitats or in the care of experienced and dedicated avian enthusiasts. For those who truly love parrots, supporting conservation efforts and educating others about the challenges of keeping parrots as pets can be a more effective way to appreciate and protect these birds. 

 High-flying cognitive abilities 

Parrots are perceived to be highly intelligent creatures, known for cognitive abilities, vocal mimicry and social intelligence. While parrots are not the only animals that can mimic human speech, their vocal abilities and cognitive skills make them uniquely adept at this form of communication, contributing to their popularity and fascination as pets. 

When we think about common companion animals – like cats and dogs – we know every animal exhibits different types of intelligence which are adapted to their specific ecological niches and evolutionary histories. In short – all pets are smart in their own species-specific way!  

For example, dogs are highly trainable and can learn a wide range of commands and tasks. Cats are excellent problem solvers and are known for their agility and hunting skills. Each animal has unique strengths that highlight different aspects of intelligence. 

Some of the more complex abilities parrots display include: 

• tool manufacture 

• mirror self-recognition 

• object permanence (when you know an object or person still exists even when they are hidden and you can't see or hear them)

• meta-cognition (awareness or analysis of one's own learning or thinking processes) 

• theory of mind (the ability to understand the thoughts, beliefs, desires, and emotions of other people) 

• vocal learning - unique in their ability to mimic human speech and other sounds, which requires advanced auditory learning and vocal control. 

• mental time travel (the capacity to mentally reconstruct personal events from the past as well as to imagine possible scenarios in the future) 

• and complex social cognition (being able to interpret social information and behave appropriately in a social environments) [1] 

Parrots are highly social animals, and their intelligence is often reflected in their complex social interactions and ability to form strong bonds with their human caregivers.  

Some parrots, especially African Grey parrots, have shown remarkable problem-solving and understanding of abstract concepts like numbers and colours . 

The story of Alex 

Alex the parrot, an African Grey, is one of the most famous and studied birds in history, known for his remarkable cognitive abilities and contributions to the understanding of animal intelligence.  

Alex was born in 1976 and was purchased from a pet store by animal psychologist Dr. Irene Pepperberg. The name "Alex" stands for Avian Learning EXperiment. Under Dr. Pepperberg's training, Alex demonstrated the ability to use over 100 words meaningfully. He could identify colours, shapes, sizes, and quantities, and could understand concepts like "same" and "different." 

Alex could count up to six objects, understand the concept of zero, and perform tasks that required an understanding of categories and abstract thinking. He showed the ability to express desires, make choices, and even exhibited behaviours that suggested a form of emotional understanding. 

Alex died unexpectedly on September 6, 2007, at the age of 31. But his passing didn’t stop his legacy living on – with his achievements continuing to garner attention and respect from both the scientific community and the general public. Alex's abilities challenged the prevailing assumptions about the intellectual capacities of birds and animals in general. The Alex Foundation, established by Dr. Pepperberg, continues to support research and educational initiatives to advance the study of animal cognition and promote conservation efforts. 

His last words to Dr. Pepperberg were reportedly, "You be good, see you tomorrow. I love you." 

[Alex image source: New York Times]

What parrots need to live a Good Life 

Being kept in captivity might prevent parrots from doing all the things they'd normally do in the wild. This is especially true for pet parrots in homes where they can't socialise much, fly freely, find their own food, or do regular bird behaviours like bathing and grooming themselves. [2]

That is why it is so important to understand what a significant commitment having a companion parrot is, and to pay careful consideration to how they can live a Good Life. You must ensure you are acquiring your parrot legally and ethically, and do your research on the care levels required.  

Here are some key considerations: 

• Lifespan: Parrots can live for several decades; some species, like African Greys and Macaws, can live up to 60 years or more. Be prepared for a long-term commitment and plan for the parrot's care in the future.  

• Space and housing:

  • Parrots need spacious cages and plenty of room to exercise and fly. Provide a large, well-ventilated cage with appropriate perches, toys, and climbing structures.

  • Allow for supervised out-of-cage time daily if appropriate for your species (eg . If you own a rainbow lorikeet you must be a responsible owner and keep it in secure caging. Advice is available from the Department of Conservation on how to construct suitable caging that reduces the risk of the birds escaping).

  • Parrots are curious and can get into dangerous situations, so proof your home by removing toxic plants, securing electrical cords, and ensuring they can't access harmful substances.

  • Parrots may not always get along with other pets, so introduce other pets cautiously and ensure the parrot has a safe space away from potential threats. 

  • Did you know you can also microchip and register your bird on the NZ Companion Animal Register? This is another way you can ensure you are reunited should you become separated.

• Diet: Parrots require a varied diet to stay healthy, including seeds, pellets, fruits, vegetables, and nuts – depending on your individual bird’s needs. Ensure a balanced diet with fresh water always available, and avoid toxic foods like avocado, chocolate, caffeine, and alcohol. Speak with a vet if you’d like advice when choosing a diet to suit your bird’s needs. 

• Social interaction and mental stimulation:

  • Parrots are highly social and intelligent birds that require interaction and mental stimulation to prevent boredom and behavioural issues.

  • Parrots are generally not solitary animals. In the wild, many parrot species live in flocks or groups, exhibiting social behaviors such as foraging together, grooming each other, and communicating through vocalisations and body language. It is often advised that pet birds are housed in groups or pairs of compatible species to ensure that their need for social contact is met.

  • Pet birds often consider their human family as part of their social “flock”, and so when kept as pets, parrots often form strong bonds with their human caregivers. No matter if you have a solo companion bird or multiple, it is important to spend time interacting with your parrot daily and provide a variety of toys, puzzles, and foraging activities to keep their minds engaged. 

• Noise: Parrots can be very loud, and their vocalisations might be disruptive. Be prepared for the noise level and consider whether your living situation can accommodate it, especially if you have close neighbours. 

• Health care: Parrots require regular veterinary care from a vet specialising in avian medicine. Schedule annual check-ups and be vigilant for signs of illness, such as changes in appetite, droppings, or behaviour. Ensure your parrot is vaccinated and protected from diseases. 

• Behaviour and training: Parrots can develop behavioural issues like biting, feather plucking, and screaming if not properly trained and socialised. Invest time in positive reinforcement training and socialisation from an early age. Try to learn to understand their body language and respond appropriately. 

• Routine and stability: Parrots thrive on routine and can become stressed with changes, so it is good to minimise changes in their environment (outside of those for enrichment and stimulation). Maintain a consistent daily routine for feeding, interaction, and sleep.  

Parrots are extraordinarily unique. The responsibilities that come with being a guardian for these remarkable birds cannot be emphasised enough, and we acknowledge that some parrots thrive best in their natural habitats or in conservation settings. What is undeniable, is that parrots can form special bonds with humans when they are cared for responsibly and ethically.  

As we delve deeper into the realm of animal intelligence, exemplified by the life of Alex the parrot, we gain a clearer understanding of just how complex and advanced these birds truly are. This ongoing research allows us to enhance our knowledge of how to ensure their wellbeing and thriving. 

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A note about native parrots 

There are eight surviving parrot species that are unique to New Zealand and it is essential to appreciate and protect native parrots in their natural environments.

The mainland species include the kea (Nestor notabilis), the New Zealand kākā (Nestor meridionalis), the kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus).

There are also three species of kākāriki (meaning ‘small green parrot’ in Māori): the yellow-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus auriceps), the red-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae), and the orange-fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi). 

As of 2023, the total kākāpō population is 247, with intensive management efforts to prevent its extinction. The orange-fronted parakeet is Critically Endangered, the kākā is listed as Vulnerable, and the kea is classified as Endangered. 

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References:

1 Science Direct: Why Birds are Smart (Onur Güntürkün, Roland Pusch, Jonas Rose)

2. Kennedy and Draper, 1990, van Hoek and ten Cate, 1998, Engebretson, 2006, Gaskins and Hungerford, 2014

How to ensure your elderly dog lives a Good Life as we head into winter

As winter arrives on our doorstep, ensuring the comfort and wellbeing of our senior dogs becomes even more crucial. Here's how you can help your elderly dog live their best life during the colder months.  

As winter arrives on our doorstep, ensuring the comfort and wellbeing of our senior dogs becomes even more crucial. Here's how you can help your elderly dog live their best life during the colder months.  

When is a pet classified as being senior or mature? 

There’s no firm age when a dog goes from being a mature adult to becoming a senior, as the timing varies greatly depending on your dog’s breed and size.  

A small breed dog's lifespan is typically longer than a large breed and can be up to about 16 years. So, a small, healthy dog might not be considered a senior until they are 12 years old. Whereas larger dog breeds tend to have shorter lifespans, meaning they enter their golden years more quickly. A Labradors ’typical lifespan is about 12 years, so they are considered to be senior at around eight to nine years old. Gorgeous giant breeds, such as the Bernese Mountain Dog, would be considered seniors around four to five years old. 

However, the aging process involves reliable signs across breeds.  As our pets age, they show changes in appearance, such as grey hairs, changes in the way they move, as well as reductions in their hearing and visual abilities.  Even if a senior pet does not outwardly appear old, changes will be happening internally, such as their immune and digestive systems. These changes in their physiology lead to behavioural changes which might include altered interactions with the family, confusion about familiar places, changes in sleeping patterns, and toileting accidents.  

Apart from the normal behavioural changes associated with slowing down due to the aging process, there are also age-related complications and disorders which become more likely. These include mobility issues such as stiffness in limbs which may be a sign of arthritis and should be addressed with your vet.  

How does the winter weather factor into this?  

• Temperature regulation: Older pets often struggle with temperature regulation – in the heat or the cold. In winter they have a harder time maintaining their body heat, making them more susceptible to the cold. Aging can lead to changes in the skin and coat, exacerbating the issue, as dry, brittle fur and skin can reduce the effectiveness of their natural insulation.  

• Reduced mobility and stiffness: Cold weather can also exacerbate arthritis and joint pain, making it harder for senior dogs to move around comfortably. Stiffness and discomfort are more pronounced in colder temperatures, leading to reduced mobility and increased pain. Poor circulation is common in elderly dogs, which can make it difficult for them to keep their extremities warm.  

• Weaker immune systems: Senior dogs typically have weaker immune systems, making them more vulnerable to illnesses and infections that are more common in the winter months. Cold weather can also put additional stress on their bodies, further compromising their immune response. 

• Reduced physical activity: Cold weather can discourage older dogs from being active, leading to a more sedentary lifestyle. This reduction in activity can contribute to weight gain and a decline in overall health and mobility. 

Essential winter care for aging canines 

So, what can you do to cater for your elderly companion? 

• Keep them warm: This is the first and most obvious action.  Ensure their living areas and warm and draft-free and provide warm bedding, that might also be orthopedic or memory foam beds to support their joints. Be sure that any heaters are safe and cords cannot be chewed or tripped over by your dog. It may also be appropriate to dress your dog in a warm sweater or coat when going outside, depending on if you dog is happy to wear these. You might protect their paws from cold and ice by using dog booties, which can also prevent slipping. 

• Home modifications: There may also be home modifications you can do to assist your elderly companion, such as using ramps for getting on furniture or in and out of the car, and toe grips to prevent slipping on hardwood floors.  

• Modify exercise: A shorter walk routine might also suit your animals, helping to avoid strenuous activity but also limiting prolonged exposure to the cold. Instead, you could look at increasing enrichment activities to compensate for less walks.  

• Address mobility issues and pain management: Helping senior dogs with mobility issues can improve their quality of life. Veterinarians can advise on the best approach to pain management, which may include pain medications, joint supplements, acupuncture and laser therapy, physical therapy or possibly surgical options. 

• Regular Health Monitoring: Senior dogs benefit from more frequent veterinary visits— ideally twice a year. Monitor their daily routine closely and consult your vet about any significant changes in behavior or health. Specialised diets and supplements may also help manage the effects of aging. 

• Adjust your expectations: Gradual loss of hearing and visual ability can often be confusing and somewhat distressing to your older dog.  Older animals generally gain much comfort and security from being with their owner. These changes in personality might include behaviours such as following the owner around the house, being distressed when left alone, being frightened of the unfamiliar and needing more reassurance.  

 A Good Life for an older animal requires that you cater for their changing needs. It is important to recognise and respond to cognitive decline in your elderly pet. Senior dogs can suffer from cognitive dysfunctions, similar to Alzheimer’s in humans, causing disorientation, house training regression, altered sleep and activity levels, and changes in social interactions. Address behavioral issues early and consult a veterinarian and/or a veterinary behaviorist if you are concerned about this being a problem. 

Finally - provided they receive the care they need as they move into their senior years, your older dog may stay spritely and active for some time to come. The most important elements to keep in mind are regular and timely veterinary care, appropriate nutrition and exercise to their age and health status, and of course mental stimulation.  

By addressing these needs and making necessary adjustments in relation to the weather, you can help your senior dog enjoy their golden years comfortably and healthily, ensuring the best possible quality of life.

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Local cat bylaws – what is required, and where, for our feline companions?

From our last big report in 2020, we found there were over 1.2 million cats in New Zealand with 41% of households being home to at least one cat. Cats are the most popular companion animal in the country.

As the conversation around responsible pet ownership continues to gain momentum, local cat bylaws are being introduced in cities and districts across the country. It can be hard to keep up with what is happening where, so we’re giving you a summary here. 

We are cat fans! 

It is important to state at the outset that Companion Animals NZ is committed to ensuring that companion cats are able to live a good life.  Countless studies have shown the benefits of the human-animal bond for cat owners and for cats. But, we also know that cat management in NZ is a contentious subject, and people can confuse the term 'cat management' with being ‘anti-cat‘.  

Our organisation is all about ensuring animals are able to have a Good Life being cared for by responsible guardians. We consider microchipping and registration to be a key component of this – which is why we are supportive of local government cat bylaws seeking to promote responsible cat ownership and community engagement on these matters. We also know it is very important to ensure responsible pet ownership is at the forefront of discussions and, for cats, this means addressing the unique challenges they pose for our country in order to ensure we maintain social license to keep them as companions – now and into the future. 

As custodian of the New Zealand Companion Animal Register we also clearly want to ensure as many companion animals, including cats, are registered on our national database as possible. By ensuring that as many pets as possible are accounted for in this manner, we enhance the chances of reuniting lost animals with their owners swiftly and efficiently. This not only reduces the distress experienced by both pets and their families but also alleviates the strain on animal shelters and rescue organisations. 

What are bylaws? 

Local government body bylaws relating to cats are rules designed to address the unique challenges associated with managing the domestic cat population, while ensuring the welfare of both cats and native wildlife.  

One key reason for local bodies implementing these bylaws is to mitigate the impact of domestic cats on New Zealand's native biodiversity. Cats, as efficient hunters, are considered to pose a significant threat to native bird species, reptiles, and small mammals. By regulating the roaming habits of domestic cats through bylaws such as mandatory microchipping and registration, local authorities aim to reduce the predation pressure on vulnerable wildlife populations. A second reason is to limit the impacts of overpopulation to communities – resulting in unowned strays exhibiting problematic behaviours. 

Some local bodies also have provisions for things such as how many cats can be kept, but for the purpose of this article we are focusing on desexing and microchipping mandates. We’re not covering containment here, but we have posted an article about keeping cats indoors already here, if you’d like to know more about whether cats can live a Good Life indoors. It is also worth noting that local bodies recognise the exemption to desexing for registered breeders, or if a registered veterinarian certifies that undergoing the procedure will place the cat at unnecessary risk. 

Where are there bylaws currently? 

Here are the bylaws currently in place – some for cities and some for districts – from North to South.  

• Whangārei District Council: requires all cats to be desexed and microchipped by six months of age and registration to the NZCAR (see full bylaw page 7) 

• Ruapehu District Council: their Animals bylaw requires all cats more than six months old to be microchipped and desexed and registered to the NZCAR (see more here) 

• Whanganui District Council: Animals will have to be desexed and, before they are 4 months old, microchipped and registered to the NZCAR. Cats kept for breeding purposes are exempt (see full bylaw here section 8) 

• Manawatū District Council: The Manawatū District Council's Animal Bylaw 2019 came into effect on October 10, 2019 states that every person who keeps cats must ensure cats over six (6) months are de-sexed (unless kept for breeding purposes and are registered with a nationally recognised cat breeders’ body).  (See full bylaw here page 9) 

• Palmerston North City Council: Cats over six months of age need to be microchipped and registered with the New Zealand Companion Animals Register, or other Council approved microchip registry. Cats over six months are required to be desexed (unless kept for breeding purposes and are registered with a nationally recognised cat breeders’ body including New Zealand Cat Fancy Ltd. and Catz Inc.). (see full bylaw here page 7) 

• Hutt City Council: As of 28 March 2024, the Control of Animals Bylaw now includes a section on the Keeping of Cats, which requires owners of cats over 12 weeks of age to ensure the cat is microchipped and registered on the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR); and desexed (unless kept for breeding purposes and registered with a nationally recognised cat breeders' body) 

• Wellington City Council: All domestic cats over the age of 12 weeks must be microchipped and the cat's microchip registered with New Zealand Companion Animal Register. Owners must ensure the microchip information is kept up to date. All domestic cats over six months must be desexed, unless they are kept for breeding purposes and the owner is a current registered breeder with a recognised New Zealand registering body, (read full bylaw here, part 10) 

• Selwyn District Council: All domestic cats over the age of four months in Selwyn district must be microchipped and registered with the approved microchip registry New Zealand Companion Animals Register (NZCAR). Doing this is the best way to ensure your lost pet gets home (read more here) 

What bylaws are on the horizon? 

Other Councils actively considering bylaws relating to microchipping and desexing, as at May 2024, are: 

• Nelson City Council  

• Tasman District Council 

• Buller District Council 

If you do have companion cats, it is important to keep abreast of changes in your area and know you are likely to be able to have your say in a public consultation period.  

Why is this an important conversation right now? 

With Predator Free 2050 set to be reviewed this year with the potential to add feral cats to the mix, the conversation around managing cats and discussing potential confinement measures will only increase. This can be a very controversial and heated topic as, understandably, cats are beloved family members. The conversations are nuanced – there is a pressing need to balance protecting cats, responsible cat ownership and protecting biodiversity also.  

There have been calls from various animal welfare groups for a National Cat Management Act, asking the Government to take a leadership role in supporting comprehensive cat management, including requirements for cats to be microchipped, registered, and to be desexed unless they are registered breeding animals. Just last year, an Environment Select Committee’s recommendation to Parliament was in support of addressing the problems with cat overpopulation in New Zealand. The report called for national legislation involving mandating the desexing and microchipping of companion cats. 

The purrtinent discussion 

By encouraging cat owners to microchip and register their pets, authorities can better track and manage the domestic cat population within their jurisdiction. These bylaws also serve to address concerns related to public health and nuisance behavior associated with cats. By regulating issues such as stray and feral cat populations, cat breeding practices, and the management of cat waste, local authorities aim to create safer, healthier, and more harmonious communities for both residents and pets alike.  

Through collaboration between local governments, cat owners, animal welfare and conservation groups, these bylaws have the potential to create a more sustainable and compassionate future for all inhabitants of Aotearoa. This ‘one welfare’ approach is one we support, which recognises the interconnectedness of animal welfare, human wellbeing, and the environment. 

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