The secret lives of klepto-cats

Imagine finding your neighbour’s glove on your doorstep one morning, then a child’s sock the next. Day after day, new items turn up at your door. This is the reality for a few pet parents of furry felons. Cats who steal items from around their neighbourhood can be a quite humourous topic, but also frustrating at times - and may even be a sign of anxiety in your cat. Let us paws for a moment and discuss! 

Feline kleptomania is a surprisingly well-documented phenomenon - so much so that the behaviour has even earned them a popular nickname: 'klepto-cats'. Cats across the world have been caught red-pawed hoarding socks, stealing jewellery, and smuggling entire baguettes through the cat flap.

While stories of klepto-cats can be amusing, we recognise that roaming behaviour can sometimes create frustration for neighbours — and can impact local wildlife. These are important and often complex conversations within our communities. This article focuses on understanding the behaviour itself (why some cats collect and bring home unusual items) and how guardians can channel those natural instincts in positive, responsible ways. So, what prompts them to do this and why are some cats more prone to thieving than others? 

Why do cats steal? 

Scientists are still puzzling over exactly why cats do this, but researchers and animal behaviour consultants have proposed several overlapping explanations for this quirky behaviour - which suggest multiple factors are at play. These behaviours are often rooted in high intelligence breeds, cats with strong hunting instincts, or a desire for interaction.

A fascinating 2024 article¹ in The Guardian explored these theories in depth and here are some of the leading explanations:  

1. The hunting instinct 

Even well-fed domestic cats retain a powerful prey drive. In the wild, a successful hunt results in "prey" being carried back to a safe location. Your cat's brain doesn't always distinguish between a mouse and a fluffy slipper - both get the full predator treatment: stalk, pounce, carry home. 

2. Attention & learned behaviour 

The first time your cat dragged in a sock and you erupted with laughter and fuss, you may have accidentally encouraged this behaviour. "Bring the thing → get the humans excited" is an extremely learnable loop. Researchers suggest ignoring the behaviour rather than reacting. This is the best approach to avoid reinforcing it (but we know this can be hard in the moment!).  

3. Boredom & under-stimulation 

Cats that don't get enough mental or physical stimulation will find their own entertainment. Stealing provides novelty, movement, and the satisfaction of a "successful hunt." An under-stimulated cat is an inventive one. 

4. Desire to remove unwanted scents 

Some researchers suggest cats may steal items, especially worn shoes or clothing, as a way of removing strong or unfamiliar smells from their territory. What looks like theft to us may be a form of feline housekeeping.  

5. Gift-giving to their colony 

Cats sometimes bring objects (or prey) to their human family as gifts, as a sign of affection and group-belonging. If your cat dumps a neighbour's gardening glove at your feet, they may genuinely think they are being helpful. 

6. Compulsive behaviour 

In some cases, especially in oriental breeds with high intelligence, stealing can become compulsive: an almost OCD-like repetition. This is worth mentioning to a vet if the behaviour is excessive or accompanied by other signs of anxiety.

So, What’s the Right Move? 

While there’s no simple answer, there are some things you can do to optimise your cat’s environment and see if it influences their behaviour. 

1. Enrich their environment 

More play, more puzzle feeders, more vertical space. A stimulated cat is less likely to freelance as a neighbourhood bandit. 

2. Don't reward the behaviour (accidentally) 

If your reaction to the stolen item is laughter and a fuss, you are training them. Try a calm, neutral response - remove the item quietly.  This is recommended by researchers - even any negative attention can reinforce the behaviour. 

3. Set up a "drop zone" 

Some owners place a basket near the cat flap where stolen goods can be deposited. Lean into the chaos and make a returns policy  for the neighbourhood. This may include adding to local noticeboards online or speaking with neighbours, in an attempt to reunite the items with their owners. 

4. See a vet if it escalates 

Compulsive stealing, particularly when paired with anxiety, over-grooming, or eating non-food items, warrants a conversation with your vet, veterinary behaviourist or a feline behaviour consultant. 

Klepto-cats may make us smile, but we also acknowledge that roaming behaviour can sometimes be a nuisance for neighbours and affect local wildlife. By better understanding why cats collect and “gift” unusual items, we can respond in ways that support their wellbeing — while being mindful of the people and environments they share. Keep reading for the Klepto-Cat Hall of Fame!

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Hall of fame: Famous feline thieves 

Some of the real-life cat burglars have even made headlines and won the internet's heart. 

Dusty the Klepto Kitty - San Mateo, California 

Perhaps the most famous thieving cat of all time. Over several years, Dusty the Siamese cat reportedly stole more than 600 items from neighbours including 100 gloves, 73 socks and 8 swimsuits! He became a viral sensation and even has his own Wikipedia page: Dusty the Klepto Kitty - Wikipedia.  

Denis the Cat Burglar - UK 

Denis the Cat Burglar developed a habit of stealing from neighbours' homes and gained media attention on BBC 1’s The One Show, Heart FM, and in local newspapers, and served as a mascot helping raise funds for Homeless Cat Rescue. He also got his own Youtube Channel³. 

Keith the Kleptomaniac 

Keith was a cat that featured in the media in 2021 - a black cat from Christchurch, that became notorious for stealing shoes, clothes, underwear, and live eels - among other things! His owners leave a box of his “treasures” at the front of their home. 

Leao The Bandit 

Leao is a black cat from Upper Hutt who has a mischievous habit of stealing multiple shoes around the Silverstream neighborhood. Adopted at four months old, he’s an otherwise typical cat - except for his adventures, which are documented on his own Facebook page³ with videos of his thefts and the items he brings home. 

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References: 

1 . *Sample, I. (2024, July 20). Cat burglars: scientists try to solve mystery of why felines ‘steal’ random objects. The Guardian. Retrieved 3/3/26 at: https://www.theguardian.com/science/article/2024/jul/20/cat-burglars-scientists-try-to-solve-mystery-of-why-felines-steal-random-objects  

2. DenisCatBurglarNewman (2012, May). YouTube Channel available at: https://www.youtube.com/user/DenisCatBurglarNewma 

3 Facebook profile (Leao The Bandit). Facebook. Retrieved on 3/3/26 at: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61584747365984 

Why Cat Poop Matters: From Litter Box to Landscape

Cats hold a special place in Kiwi homes - graceful, independent, and beloved companions. With more than 1.26 million cats across New Zealand and 40% of households sharing their home with at least one feline, these animals are deeply woven into the fabric of New Zealand family life¹.

Yet, while most cat guardians take pride in caring for their feline friends, there’s one aspect of ownership that tends to slip under the radar: what happens to all that cat poop. After looking at dog waste recently, we’re now turning our attention to cats! Cat waste comes with its own set of challenges for public health, wildlife, and the environment. 

Why Cat Waste Deserves Attention 

Approximately 90% of NZ owned cats have some form of outdoor access², meaning a large portion of their faeces is left directly in gardens, parks, and soil. Even for indoor cats, what we do with the contents of the litter box matters - particularly when it comes to how waste is disposed of. 

Cat faeces can harbour a range of pathogens - some with implications for human health, some for other cats, for wildlife, and others for our waterways. Understanding these risks helps cat guardians make informed, responsible choices without compromising their cats’ welfare. 

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 1. Pathogenic risks from cat faeces 

Toxoplasma Gondii – The Main Culprit 

Cats are the only animals capable of shedding Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in their faeces. Once shed, these hardy oocysts can survive in soil³ and water⁴ for months or even years - and be washed into waterways through land-based surface runoff⁵. Though vital to T. gondii's life cycle, cats rarely develop illness from infection. Most remain symptom-free. The parasite emerges from cysts when cats consume infected prey or raw meat, then reproduces in their digestive tract to produce oocysts.

For pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals, T. gondii can pose serious health risks, including miscarriage or illness from toxoplasmosis⁶. It’s also a growing wildlife concern: In New Zealand, toxoplasmosis has been identified as a significant threat to native and marine species, including Hector’s and Māui dolphins⁷, with infections traced to land-based runoff. The disease has been recorded as the leading cause of death in these dolphins and has also affected native species such as kiwi, kererū, kākā, and kākāriki. 

Other Parasites and Public Health Risks 

Cat faeces pose additional health risks beyond toxoplasmosis. Roundworm eggs (Toxocara cati) can cause toxocariasis in humans, leading to eye or organ damage⁸, and have been associated with disease in the North Island brown kiwi⁹. Hookworm larvae present in contaminated soil can penetrate human skin, causing cutaneous larva migrans with varying levels of discomfort, though such infections are rare in New Zealand. Diarrhoeal parasites including Giardia and Cryptosporidium can also be transmitted between animals and humans through faecal contamination. 

Bacterial and Viral Pathogens 

Cat faeces can also carry other pathogens, though these are less commonly transmitted than Toxoplasma. Bacterial contaminants include Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli (including antibiotic-resistant strains), which can cause gastrointestinal illness in humans¹⁰,¹¹,¹² .  

Threats to other cats 

While the pathogens mentioned above can affect both humans and other cats, feline panleukopenia, also called feline distemper, represents another particularly serious threat, affecting only cats and posing the greatest risk to kittens. This highly contagious virus, acting much like canine parvovirus, can be very deadly in kittens under one year of age (mortality rate over 90%)¹³. It is transmitted through contact with infected cats (infected body fluids or faeces) or contaminated environments, and can cause sudden, severe illness. Fortunately, vaccination offers highly effective, long-lasting protection. 

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2. Environmental Impacts 

Cat waste poses serious contamination risks to land and water ecosystems. When cats defecate outdoors, they introduce parasites and bacteria into soil - contaminating gardens, sandpits, and children's play areas. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are particularly concerning due to their resilience, remaining infectious in moist soil for months. 

The contamination pathway extends from land to sea through stormwater runoff, which carries cat faeces into rivers and coastal waters. As we've mentioned, this creates a direct threat to marine mammals, with T. gondii infecting sea otters overseas and dolphins here in New Zealand. The problem is compounded by the fact that standard wastewater and septic systems cannot destroy these oocysts, meaning that even flushing cat litter contributes to environmental contamination. 

The scale of this marine pollution is evident in New Zealand research: T. gondii DNA was detected in 16.4% of commercially sourced green-lipped mussels, with higher prevalence in summer¹⁴. The presence of viable oocysts indicates substantial coastal contamination, likely from cat-derived runoff. This poses risks not only to marine wildlife but potentially to humans consuming contaminated shellfish. 

Responsible cat management is essential to reduce these cascading environmental and ecological impacts. 

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3. Managing Cat Waste Responsibly 

Indoor Litter Box Care 

The Code of Welfare for Companion Cats (MPI) provides clear recommendations: 

Litter trays should be checked daily, cleared of wastes, replenished or changed as required, or double-bagged and sealed for rubbish disposal in accordance with local by-laws¹⁵. Because toxoplasmosis can be transmitted through contact with cat faeces and poses particular risks to pregnant women, precautions such as wearing gloves should be taken when cleaning litter trays. 

Environmental considerations: 

• Clay-based and crystal (silica gel) litters have a significant environmental footprint due to their non-renewable sourcing, energy-intensive manufacturing, and persistence in landfills, making them less sustainable choices for environmentally conscious cat owners. 

• Plant-based or biodegradable litters made from wood, recycled paper, corn, or wheat are more environmentally sustainable choices, but they still need to be disposed of in general waste destined for landfill - not in compost or green waste bins. Do not compost cat waste for compost used in vegetable gardens or near edible plants.  

• Some councils are exploring municipal composting for pet waste¹⁶, but currently none of the commercial or community composting facilities in New Zealand accept pet waste and cat litter.  

Best practice for cat guardians: 

• Scoop the litter box daily to minimise oocyst survival. 

• Double-bag used litter before disposing of it in household rubbish. This simple precaution contains pathogens like T. gondii, prevents leakage of urine and moisture, controls odours, and protects waste collection workers from exposure to contaminated material if bags tear during handling or transport. 

• Never flush cat litter or faeces - even “flushable” brands - as oocysts can survive wastewater treatment. 

• Don't compost cat waste for compost used in vegetable gardens or near edible plants.

• Pregnant or immunocompromised individuals should avoid handling litter if at all possible. 

Outdoor Companion Cat Waste Management 

Cats typically bury or cover their waste for three main reasons rooted in their natural behaviour¹⁷.

First, it's an instinctive behaviour inherited from their wild ancestors. Second, cats are naturally clean animals with a keen sense of smell, so they cover their waste to eliminate odours that might interfere with eating, drinking, and playing, while preventing contamination of food and water sources. Finally, burying faeces is a survival instinct that helps cats hide their scent from potential predators and threats. 

However, this doesn't eliminate pathogen risks, as Toxoplasma oocysts and other pathogens can still leach into soil and reach waterways through rainfall and runoff. Most owners realistically can't pick up after their outdoor cats, but there are ways to reduce impact: 

• Cover sandpits when not in use. 

• Discourage cats from toileting in vegetable gardens with fencing or scent deterrents. 

• Contain cats within property boundaries or cat-proof areas where possible, particularly near sensitive habitats or waterways. 

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4. Why It Matters for Everyone 

Proper cat waste management extends far beyond simple hygiene - it reflects the deep interconnectedness between people, pets, and the environment. Our homes and gardens sit upstream from the very waterways and coastlines that sustain both our communities and native wildlife. Through thoughtful waste management practices, we can simultaneously protect our pets' health and safeguard the ecosystems upon which we all depend. 

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5. Best Practice Summary 

• 🧺 Scoop daily and double-bag waste before disposal in household rubbish 

• 🚫 Never flush cat litter or faeces, or compost cat waste for compost used in vegetable gardens or near edible plants.  

• 🧤 Take precautions if pregnant or immunocompromised – wear gloves when cleaning 

• 🏠 Keep cats contained within property boundaries where possible 

• 🌊 Protect vege gardens and sandpits from outdoor toileting 

• ♻️ Choose plant-based or biodegradable litter material - but dispose of it safely 

• 💉 Ensure cats are vaccinated, desexed, microchipped and registered 

• 🐾 Promote responsible cat guardianship to protect NZ’s wildlife and waterways. 

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Looking Ahead 

Research into safer composting methods for pet waste and innovations in sustainable cat litter products continue to evolve. Until these solutions become widely accessible, the most powerful tools we have are awareness and consistent daily action. 

CANZ supports council bylaws requiring desexing of cats by 12-16 weeks,  microchipping and registration on the NZ Companion Animal Register. Among many other benefits, these bylaws help prevent unwanted litters that could contribute to feral or stray populations – and further mitigate associated environmental impacts. 

At Companion Animals New Zealand, we believe responsible cat guardianship extends beyond meeting our cats' immediate needs - it encompasses caring for the environment we all share. Managing cat waste thoughtfully is an essential part of this commitment, ensuring our beloved companions and the ecosystems that sustain us can both thrive together. 

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References 

1.Companion Animals New Zealand (2025): Companion Animals in New Zealand 2024. Available from: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d1bf13a3f8e880001289eeb/t/67c5362c18b9881a1fec4b5d/1740977787548/CANZ+2024+Pet+Data+Report-compressed.pdf 

2. Guinnefollau, L., Chung, H. J., Moody, C., Zobel, G., Waran, N., & Railton, R. (2025). New Zealanders’ attitudes to outdoor access for owned domestic cats. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 292, 106817.

3. Lélu, M., Villena, I., Dardé, M.-L., Aubert, D., Geers, R., Dupuis, E., Marnef, F., Poulle, M.-L., Gotteland, C., Dumètre, A., & Gilot-Fromont, E. (2012). Quantitative estimation of the viability of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(15), 5127–5132. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00246-12 

4. Dumètre, A., & Dardé, M. L. (2003). How to detect Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples? FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 27(5), 651–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6445(03)00066-1 

5. Miller, M. A., Gardner, I. A., Kreuder, C., Paradies, D. M., Worcester, K. R., Jessup, D. A., Dodd, E., Harris, M. D., Ames, J. A., Packham, A. E., & Conrad, P. A. (2002). Coastal freshwater runoff is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). International Journal for Parasitology, 32(8), 997–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00069-3 

6. Dubey, J. P., & Jones, J. L. (2008). Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States. International Journal for Parasitology, 38(11), 1257–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.03.007 

7. Department of Conservation. (2020). Toxoplasmosis action plan: Addressing the threat of toxoplasmosis to Hector’s and Māui dolphins. June 2020. https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/pests-and-threats/diseases/toxoplasmosis-and-hectors-and-maui-dolphin/toxoplasmosis-action-plan/ 

8 Hartley, M. (2009). Toxocariasis — extra information. DermNet NZ. Retrieved November 10, 2025, from https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/toxocariasis 

9. French, A. F., Castillo-Alcala, F., Gedye, K. R., Roe, W. D., & Gartrell, B. D. (2020). Nematode larva migrans caused by Toxocara cati in the North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 11, 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.02.011 

10. Bourne, J. A., Chong, W. L., & Gordon, D. M. (2019). Genetic structure, antimicrobial resistance and frequency of human associated Escherichia coli sequence types among faecal isolates from healthy dogs and cats living in Canberra, Australia. PLoS ONE, 14(3), e0212867. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212867 

11. Te Whatu Ora. (n.d.). Campylobacteriosis – Communicable disease control manual. Retrieved November 11, 2025, from https://www.tewhatuora.govt.nz/for-health-professionals/clinical-guidance/communicable-disease-control-manual/campylobacteriosis 

12. Australian Companion Animal Zoonoses Advisory Panel. (2020). Companion Animal Zoonoses Guidelines. Retrieved from https://online.flippingbook.com/view/940613362/71 

13. Truyen, U., Addie, D., Belák, S., BoucrautBaralon, C., Egberink, H., Frymus, T., GruffyddJones, T., Hartmann, K., Hosie, M. J., Lloret, A., Lutz, H., Marsilio, F., Pennisi, M. G., Radford, A. D., Thiry, E., & Horzinek, M. C. (2009). Feline panleukopenia: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 11(7), 538–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.002 

14. Coupe, A., Howe, L., Burrows, E., Sine, A., Pita, A., Velathanthiri, N., Vallée, E., Hayman, D., Shapiro, K., & Roe, W. D. (2018). First report of Toxoplasma gondii sporulated oocysts and Giardia duodenalis in commercial green-lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus) in New Zealand. Parasitology Research, 117(5), 1453-1463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-5832-8 

15. Ministry for Primary Industries. (2018, October 1). Code of welfare – Companion cats. New Zealand Government. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/46021-Code-of-Welfare-Companion-cats 

16. Hurunui District Council. (n.d.). Discounted composting kits. Retrieved November 11, 2025, from https://www.hurunui.govt.nz/property-rates/rubbish-recycling/additional-information/bokashi-kits#:~:text=As%20pet%20waste%20should%20not%20put%20in,cycle%20of%20composting%2C%20your%20composter%20may%20never%20fill 

17. Hart, H. (2025, April 29). Why do cats bury their poop? PetMD. https://www.petmd.com/cat/behavior/why-do-cats-bury-their-poop 

From outdoor to indoor living: How do cats (and their owners) cope?

Concern for cat safety and native wildlife conservation has led to growing discussion around keeping cats indoors. But what does this change mean for feline welfare - and for the people who care for them? 

We’re proud to share the results of a Companion Animals New Zealand–led study that explored exactly that question. The research followed sixteen cats and their owners through a four-week transition from outdoor to indoor living, monitoring both cat behaviour and owner experiences to understand how both parties coped with the change. 

What the study found 

Throughout the study, cats wore HeyRex2 activity monitors to track their behaviour, while owners completed surveys and daily diaries about their cats’ wellbeing and their own experiences. 

The findings revealed significant individual variation: approximately two-thirds of cats (10 out of 15) showed minimal behavioural changes or adjusted within the three-week indoor period (first week was baseline outdoor access).

However, about one-third displayed stress-related behaviours such as overgrooming, inappropriate elimination, excessive escape attempts, and signs of anxiety. Notably, the activity monitor data showed no significant changes in sleeping, running, or scratching patterns between the outdoor and indoor phases.

The transition proved challenging for owners, too. Many reported difficulties with constant monitoring to prevent escapes, household management complications (especially during Summer), feelings of guilt, and uncertainty about managing the change. Even among cats that adapted well, some owners found the process ‘somewhat difficult’. When asked whether they would continue keeping their cats indoors after the study, around 40% (6 out of 15) said they intended to do so.

However, six months later, only 23% (3 out of 13 respondents) were still maintaining indoor-only living, with most cats returning to outdoor access within one month of study completion.  

One size doesn’t fit all 

The results highlight that there’s no single right approach when it comes to housing cats. Each cat - and each household - is different. Some felines appear to adjust quickly, while others need more support and time. Importantly, some cats that struggled initially were kept indoors successfully, while some that adapted well ultimately returned outdoors based on owner decisions.  

For those considering transitions, the study suggests that some key factors influence success: 

• Practical guidance to help manage challenges (such as monitoring entrances and managing escape attempts) and maintain positive routines. 

• Environmental enrichment, such as climbing structures, toys, and safe outdoor enclosures, to allow cats to express natural behaviours. 

• Realistic expectations about the challenges involved for both cats and owners 

• Recognition that household circumstances and individual cat needs may create barriers even when the intention to keep cats indoors exists. 

Why this research matters

This project is one of the first in New Zealand to examine the actual process of transitioning outdoor cats indoors - rather than simply comparing indoor and outdoor cats. It provides valuable insights into real-world implementation challenges, highlighting that owner perceptions, housing variables, and household dynamics can pose significant barriers to successful indoor transitioning, even when cats themselves may be adapting.  

The findings can inform future cat management strategies, welfare policies, and public education campaigns, helping ensure any changes made for conservation reasons are also positive for cats and their guardians. 

The study also builds on CANZ’s previous research into how New Zealanders view outdoor access for cats, helping us better understand both attitudes and behaviours around responsible cat ownership. 

A collective effort 

We extend our sincere thanks to: 

• Dr Susan Hazel and Dr Gosia Zobel for leading the study, with valued contributions from Professor Nat Waran and Dr Renee Railton during their time at CANZ. 

• Julia Henning for her collaboration and input in developing the project. 

• The cats and their guardians who took part — your involvement made this research possible. 

• HeyRex, for supporting behavioural data collection and loaning half of the monitoring devices. 

• And our funders — Companion Animals New Zealand, Healthy Pets New Zealand, and the University of Adelaide — for their generous support. 

It truly takes a village to make meaningful welfare research happen. 

Read the full paper here free for the next month: Who Let the Cats in? Evaluation of the Transitioning of Cats to Indoor Life by Renee Railton, Julia Henning, Rina Hannaford, Gosia Zobel, Natalie Waran, Susan Hazel :: SSRN  

New research sheds light on Kiwi attitudes to outdoor access for cats

A newly published study initiated by Companion Animals NZ explores how New Zealanders view outdoor access for cats and the factors that shape those attitudes. With over 1.26 million domestic cats living in 40% of Kiwi households, this is an issue that touches a huge number of families, communities, and of course, cats themselves. 

The research surveyed nearly 1,850 people – both cat owners and non-owners – and found some striking differences. The findings show that around 90% of the cats owned by the respondents have some outdoor access, though many are kept indoors at night (77.6%).  

Cat owners were 9 times more likely than non-owners to support free-roaming, while younger or urban residents were more inclined to keep cats indoors. Interestingly, a small subset of people had reported transitioning their cats to indoor-only management. They cited outdoor dangers, environmental impact concerns, advancing age of their cat and health issues as motivators for making this change.  

Dr Gosia Zobel, who supervised the study, says the results highlight the balance between welfare and wider impacts: 

“Cats are cherished companions in so many New Zealand homes. This research shows that owners’ decisions about outdoor access are deeply connected to both how they care for their pets and how they perceive the risks and benefits of the outdoors. There are pros and cons to having cats outside, and it's a subject people are quite passionate about. While we maintain neutrality on it, we believe that understanding these perspectives is vital if we want to create solutions that work for cats, people, and wildlife alike.” 

In NZ, cat welfare is regulated under the Animal Welfare Act 1999, with further guidance provided in the Code of Welfare: Companion Cats. Local councils also manage cat ownership through bylaw regulations such as microchipping, desexing, registration, and household limits. While outdoor access for cats is common, there is currently no national legislation controlling cat management, although some organisations advocate for restricting free-roaming cats to protect both welfare and biodiversity. 

Outdoor access offers cats behavioural enrichment, opportunities for hunting, and the ability to express natural behaviours, which can reduce obesity and behavioural issues associated with confinement. However, it also carries risks such as exposure to diseases, parasites, traffic accidents, aggressive encounters, or toxins.  

In NZ, free-roaming cats primarily prey on small mammals and birds, creating ecological concerns, although cats may also control introduced pest species. The impact of cats on the environment, along with community nuisance and potential zoonotic risks, have prompted calls for national cat management policies. Public support exists for such policies, though translating this into behavioural change remains challenging. 

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Study facts: 

• This study surveyed 1,847 New Zealand adults, including 1,467 cat owners, to investigate cat management practices, outdoor access, hunting behaviour, and owner attitudes. 

• Around 90 % of cats owned by respondents had some form of outdoor access, typically restricted at night (77.6% of those with cats that had some outdoor access). 

• Cat management practices varied, with most owners providing scratching areas (83.6%), vertical furniture (61.4%), and routine healthcare (>70%), though fewer performed regular nail trims (38.2%) or dental cleaning (46.4%). 

• The 86 owners who transitioned their cats to indoor-only management cited outdoor dangers and environmental impact concerns as primary motivations. 

• Attitudes toward free-roaming differed between cat owners and non-owners, with owners nine times more likely to support outdoor access. 

• Cat owners were eight times more likely to believe free-roaming is necessary for cats to have a good life compared to non-cat owner respondents. 

• Younger or urban respondents were more supportive of indoor management, suggesting generational and geographic shifts in attitudes. 

• Cat owners residing in rural areas were 1.7 times more likely to indicate that their cats hunt compared to owners in urban or suburban areas.  

• Most cat-owning respondents (81.3%) who had observed their cat hunt, reported never observing their cat hunt native New Zealand species. (However other research acknowledges that cats vary in how much prey they actually bring home).  

“Environmental enrichment and owner engagement emerged as key factors influencing attitudes toward outdoor access,” adds Dr Zobel.  “Owners providing vertical space, litter boxes, and regular play were less likely to believe outdoor access is essential, whereas those lacking basic resources were more likely to support free-roaming, likely out of necessity. 

“Hunting behaviour was more commonly reported among rural and younger cats, though most owners had not observed predation of native species. These findings indicate a spectrum of owner engagement and differing perceptions of welfare, highlighting the need for tailored educational and policy approaches.” 

The work highlights that free-roaming is still the most common way cats are managed in New Zealand. Positively, a majority of respondents reported keeping cats indoors at night. To move forward, policies need to balance owner attitudes, cat welfare, and day-to-day practicality. With the right education and evidence-based tools, New Zealand can encourage care that keeps cats safe while protecting wildlife. Importantly, while some research exists, it has focused on small numbers of cats. Ideally, follow-up research would follow a large number of cats to assess the welfare benefits for the cats and wildlife of different management approaches. 

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 Read the report here: 

“New Zealanders’ attitudes to outdoor access for owned domestic cats” - now published in Applied Animal Behaviour Science vol 292. You can check out the report here free for a month: 

New Zealanders’ attitudes to outdoor access for owned domestic cats - ScienceDirect   

This research was primarily led by Dr Gosia Zobel while at CANZ, with significant contributions from Prof Natalie Waran and Dr Renee Railton, also in their roles at CANZ, alongside independent contractor Dr Laureline Guinnefollau, and Dr Carly Moody and Hee Jin Chung from UCDavis. 

This work was supported by funding from Healthy Pets New Zealand, who Companion Animals NZ would like to thank.

Why do some cats like water?

Cats and water: it’s a love-hate relationship that has puzzled pet owners for decades. Many people assume that cats universally dislike water – loads of memes and social media posts reinforce the idea that soaked cats are distressed cats. But while many cats recoil at the sight of a bath, others will happily dip their paws in their water bowl, chase a dripping tap, or even swim. So why the big difference?  

The answer lies in a mix of biology, history, and individual personality. 

A little history: From wild cats to domestic cats 

Our domestic cats descend from a wildcat species called Felis silvestris (F.s.), which has several closely related subspecies. These include the European wildcat (F. s. silvestris), the African and Near Eastern wildcat (F. s. lybica), the central Asian wildcat (F. s. ornata), and possibly the Chinese desert cat (F. s. bieti).  

Domestic cats themselves are sometimes considered a separate subspecies (F. s. catus), most likely descended from wildcats in the Middle East or Egypt. 

Around 9,000-12,000 years ago in the fertile river valleys of the Middle East, these wild cats began hanging around human farming settlements, drawn by the abundance of mice and rats that thrived in grain stores (Vigne et al., 2004; Driscoll et al., 2009). Unlike dogs, which were selectively bred by humans over thousands of years, cats essentially domesticated themselves by choosing to live alongside people. This explains why house cats still look and act remarkably similar to their wild relatives - they're expert hunters, often prefer solitude, and maintain much of their independent, wild nature (Bradshaw et al., 1999).  

Some have speculated that cats' generally cautious approach to water stems from their ancestors' adaptation to arid (very dry, with little rainfall or moisture) environments, though this remains unproven and many cats do enjoy water activities. 

Fur, temperature, and comfort 

From a physiological perspective, it's reasonable to assume that when cat fur becomes saturated with water, it likely loses insulating properties and causes increased heat loss, which may contribute to most cats' cautious approach to water. 

Unlike water-adapted animals, such as otters or ducks that have specialised water-repellent coats, domestic cats have more limited water-repellent properties in their fur. This thermal regulation challenge may explain why some long-haired breeds, like Persians, appear particularly water-averse due to their dense coats that take longer to dry. On the other hand, breeds such as the Turkish Van have semi-water-resistant fur, and they’re famously known as “swimming cats”. 

It’s easy to misread a cat’s avoidance of water as dislike, but often it’s about comfort and practicality. Like people, cats have distinct personalities (Feaver, Mendl, & Bateson, 1986).  

Bold, adventurous cats may be more likely to dip their paws in water or jump into a paddling pool, while cautious cats may prefer to keep their distance.  

Early experiences also matter: kittens exposed to gentle water play or baths may grow up more tolerant of water. 

Curiosity and play 

On the flip side, cats are natural explorers with complex personalities that include varying degrees of curiosity and investigative behaviour. Running water often triggers their curiosity – think of the fascination with taps, fountains, or even toilets! Moving water is more visually stimulating than still water, and it may even taste fresher to cats.  

Research on feline personality has identified exploratory behaviour as one of the key dimensions of cat temperament, with individual cats showing different levels of investigative tendencies (Litchfield et al., 2017). Interestingly, studies suggest that indoor cats may actually display higher levels of curiosity than their outdoor counterparts, possibly as a way to compensate for their less stimulating environment by seeking out novel interactions and experiences (Turner, 2021).  

This curiosity might explain why a cat will paw at a dripping faucet or play with the bath tap, even if they're not interested in actually getting wet. Their investigative nature extends beyond water to any moving or unusual stimulus – from the flutter of curtains to the sound of running taps – demonstrating the complex behavioural repertoire that has made cats such successful companions to humans. 

When cats do love water 

Some cats truly enjoy swimming or playing in water. This could be down to breed tendencies (like the Turkish Van or Bengal), but it’s also about individual preference. For cats that like water, swimming can be a form of enrichment and exercise – though always under supervision for safety. 

Celebrating Individual Preferences 

Whether your cat loves water or avoids it entirely, both behaviours are completely normal. It comes down to comfort, curiosity, and individual personality. So next time someone insists that all cats detest water, remember: while many prefer to stay dry, plenty are intrigued, playful or even enjoy a swim.  

If your cat isn’t keen, don’t force it - baths are rarely necessary unless recommended by a vet. Most cats are excellent self-groomers and only need baths when they get into something messy or have a medical condition. Forcing a reluctant cat into water can cause significant stress, so it's best to leave bathing to veterinary professionals when absolutely necessary.  

But if your feline enjoys a splash? That’s just another delightful aspect of who they are! 

References 

Bradshaw, J. W. S., Horsfield, G. F., Allen, J. A., & Robinson, I. H. (1999). Feral cats: Their role in the population dynamics of Felis catus. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 65(3), 273–283. 

Driscoll, C. A., Menotti-Raymond, M., Roca, A. L., Hupe, K., Johnson, W. E., Geffen, E., Harley, E. H., Delibes, M., Pontier, D., Kitchener, A. C., Yamaguchi, N., O'Brien, S. J., & Macdonald, D. W. (2007). The Near Eastern origin of cat domestication. Science, 317(5837), 519-523.  

Driscoll, C. A., Macdonald, D. W., & O'Brien, S. J. (2009). From wild animals to domestic pets, an evolutionary view of domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(Suppl 1), 9971-9978.  

Feaver, J., Mendl, M., & Bateson, P. (1986). A method for rating the individual distinctiveness of domestic cats. Animal Behaviour, 34(4), 1016–1025. 

Litchfield, C. A., et al. (2017). The 'Feline Five': An exploration of personality in pet cats (Felis catus). PLOS One, 12(8), e0183455. 

TICA. (n.d.). Turkish Van. The International Cat Association. Retrieved August 26, 2025, from https://tica.org/breed/turkish-van/ 

Mota-Rojas, D., Titto, C. G., de Mira Geraldo, A., Martínez-Burnes, J., Gómez, J., Hernández-Ávalos, I., Casas, A., Domínguez, A., José, N., Bertoni, A., Reyes, B., & Pereira, A. M. F. (2021). Efficacy and function of feathers, hair, and glabrous skin in the thermoregulation strategies of domestic animals. Animals, 11(12), 3472.  

Turner, D. C. (2021). Unanswered questions and hypotheses about domestic cat behavior, ecology, and the cat–human relationship. Animals, 11(10), 2823.  

Vigne, J. D., Guilaine, J., Debue, K., Haye, L., & Gérard, P. (2004). Early taming of the cat in Cyprus. Science, 304(5668), 259.  

Training your cat to like their carrier

Overcoming Stress to Ensure Better Vet Care  

With nearly two-thirds (63%) of New Zealand households sharing their home with a pet, cats remain one of our most beloved companions. As cherished members of the family, they deserve the same access to medical care as any other loved one - but getting them to the vet can be easier said than done. One key part of the puzzle? Cat carriers.  

Picture this: your cat starts showing signs that something’s not quite right. You know a vet visit is needed. But before you can even make the appointment, you’re digging through the garage or cupboard to find the carrier. The moment your cat hears it being dragged out, they scatter under the bed - and the battle begins. Sound familiar? 

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What research tells us about vet visits 

Despite our deep bond with these furry family members, our recent NZ Pet Data Report showed that many Kiwi cats (almost a third of owned cats) don’t get the regular veterinary care that could keep them healthy and happy throughout their lives (Companion Animals NZ, 2024). 

Another survey conducted across Australia and New Zealand in 2017 found that 31% of cat owners did not take their cats to the vet annually. The most common reasons for skipping check-ups were anticipated stress for the cat, cost, and a belief that the visit wasn’t necessary (Johnston et al, 2017). 

Stats from United States in 2020 painted an even more concerning picture: nationally representative data indicated that only just over 40% of cat owners reported seeking veterinary care once a year. Meanwhile, 7% of cat owners said they would never seek veterinary care and 28% said they would only do so in emergencies (Bir et al, 2020). 

The hidden health crisis for cats 

Regular veterinary check-ups are crucial for maintaining your cat's health and catching potential issues before they become serious problems. Early detection of conditions like dental disease, kidney problems, or diabetes can significantly improve treatment outcomes and your cat's quality of life. Yet many cat owners only visit the vet when their pet is noticeably unwell, missing vital opportunities for preventive care. 

The reluctance to take cats for regular check-ups often stems from one major barrier: the stress and drama of getting cats into their carriers (Volk et al, 2011). Over two-thirds of cats are brought to the veterinarian in carriers, while a small percentage are held or leashed (Mariti et al, 2016).  

Certain carrier designs, especially those without a detachable top, can make handling difficult, which often prolongs veterinary consultations and heightens the cat’s stress. Because most cats associate their carriers with negative experiences, typically due to rushed trips to the vet when they’re already unwell, this creates a cycle of anxiety for both cat and owner that leads to dreaded vet visits and, ultimately, delayed or avoided care. 

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The solution: carrier training 

The good news is that with patience and the right approach, you can transform your cat's relationship with their carrier from one of fear to one of comfort – or even contentment (Liu, J. (n.d.). One study found that cats who were trained to use their carriers with positive rewards were much less stressed during car rides and vet visits.

These cats showed calmer behaviour - like being more relaxed and willing to eat - and their bodies also showed fewer signs of stress (Pratsch et al., 2018). Your cat's carrier doesn't have to be a source of anxiety – with patience and positive reinforcement, it can become just another comfortable space in your home, making those essential vet visits a breeze for everyone involved. 

Here's how to do it: 

Step 1: Make the carrier part of the home environment  

Don't store the carrier in a cupboard or garage between vet visits. Instead, leave it out in a quiet area of your home with the door open. Place a comfortable blanket or towel inside to make it inviting. This helps your cat become accustomed to the carrier as a normal part of their environment rather than a place to avoid. Using a carrier that is not already associated with negative experiences may be beneficial.

Cat carriers come in various styles, but those with solid bottoms are generally recommended because they provide stability and prevent any accidents during transport. Carriers with tops that open up or lift completely off are also preferred, as they make it much easier to place or remove the cat gently without forcing them through a small door. This design helps reduce stress for both the cat and the owner during handling and veterinary visits. 

Step 2: Create positive associations 

Start feeding your cat near the carrier, gradually moving the food bowl closer over several days. Once they're comfortable eating beside it, try placing their meals (or treats) inside the carrier with the door open. This helps create positive associations with the space. 

Step 3: Make it a cosy retreat 

Encourage your cat to use the carrier as a resting spot by placing treats, toys, or catnip inside. Some cats will naturally start napping in their carrier once they realise it's a safe, comfortable space. Praise and reward your cat whenever they voluntarily enter the carrier. 

Step 4: Practice closing the door 

Once your cat is comfortable spending time in the carrier, practice gently closing the door for just a few seconds while they're inside. Gradually increase the duration, always rewarding calm behaviour with treats and praise. If your cat becomes stressed, take a step back and go more slowly. 

Step 5: Add movement 

When your cat is comfortable being in the closed carrier, try picking it up and carrying it around the house for short distances. Start with just lifting it slightly off the ground, then progress to brief walks around the room. This helps them adjust to the sensation of being transported. 

Step 6: Short car trips 

Begin with very short car journeys that don't end at the vet - perhaps just to the end of the driveway and back. Gradually increase the distance as your cat becomes more comfortable.  

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The long-term benefits 

This training process requires patience - it may take only a few days, but for some cats, it may take weeks or even months for them to become completely comfortable with their carrier. However, the investment pays dividends in reduced stress for both you and your cat, and more importantly, it removes a significant barrier to regular veterinary care. 

A cat that travels calmly is more likely to have a positive experience at the vet clinic, making future visits easier. They'll be less stressed during the examination, which can lead to more accurate assessments of their health and better cooperation with necessary treatments. 

A Good Life for your cat: making regular vet visits the norm 

With a carrier-trained cat, you'll be more likely to schedule those important annual health checks. Regular veterinary visits allow your vet to establish baseline health measurements for your cat and spot subtle changes that might indicate emerging health issues. This proactive approach to pet care can extend your cat's life and improve their overall wellbeing. 

For further information on training cats in carriers see - https://youtu.be/lwZysJfxZBo 

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References:  

Companion Animal New Zealand (2024): CANZ 2024 Pet Data Report. Retrieved from: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d1bf13a3f8e880001289eeb/t/67c5362c18b9881a1fec4b5d/1740977787548/CANZ+2024+Pet+Data+Reportcompressed.pdf 

Bir, C., Ortez, M., Widmar, N. J. O., Wolf, C. A., Hansen, C., & Ouedraogo, F. B. (2020). Familiarity and use of veterinary services by US resident dog and cat owners. Animals, 10(3), 483. 

Johnston, L., Szczepanski, J., & McDonagh, P. (2017). Demographics, lifestyle and veterinary care of cats in Australia and New Zealand. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 19(12), 1199–1205. 

Liu, J. (n.d.). Managing patients with high fear, anxiety, and stress: A guide to effective handling. Fear Free. Retrieved from: https://www.fearfree.com/2024/01/managing-patients-with-high-fear-anxiety-and-stress-a-guide-to-effective-handling/ 

Mariti, C., Bowen, J. E., Campa, S., Grebe, G., Sighieri, C., & Gazzano, A. (2016). Guardians' perceptions of cats' welfare and behavior regarding visiting veterinary clinics. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 19(4), 375–384. 

Pratsch, L., Mohr, N., Palme, R., Rost, J., Troxler, J., & Arhant, C. (2018). Carrier training cats reduces stress on transport to a veterinary practice. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 206, 64–74. 

Volk JO, Felsted KE, Thomas JG, Siren CW. 2011. Executive summary of the Bayer veterinary care usage study. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 238(10):1275–1282 

Time to say goodbye: Ensuring a Good Death for our companion animals

⚠️ Trigger Warning: This article discusses pet loss, euthanasia, and end-of-life decisions for animals. If you’re grieving or sensitive to this topic, please take care while reading. 

Being a responsible guardian means accepting that providing a good death is as important as ensuring a good life. Through attentive care, early recognition of problems, proactive pain management, and timely decision-making, we can minimise our animals' suffering and honour the trust they've placed in us. 

The connection between a good life and a good death 

As responsible guardians of our companion animals, we strive to provide them with the best possible quality of life throughout their years with us. This commitment to their wellbeing doesn't end when they become ill or elderly - it extends to ensuring they experience a peaceful, dignified death when the time comes. 

The concept of a "good death" comes from the Greek word "euthanasia," which literally means "good death" (eu = good, thanatos = death). Originally, this term described a natural, peaceful death free from suffering, though in modern veterinary medicine it has come to represent the compassionate ending of life to prevent further pain and distress. 

A good death is simply the final chapter of a good life, and both require our thoughtful attention and care. Whether death comes naturally or through veterinary intervention, the principles remain the same: comfort, dignity, and freedom from unnecessary suffering. 

The choices we make as guardians - from routine veterinary care and nutrition to recognising signs of decline - all contribute to minimising our animals' suffering. Understanding what constitutes a good death helps us make informed decisions that honour the trust our companions have placed in us throughout their lives.

We don’t always get to choose when or how our beloved animals leave us, and the heartbreak of loss is real no matter the circumstances — but when we are able to offer them a peaceful, pain-free passing, it is one of the most loving ways we can honour the life they shared with us.

When quality of life is questionable 

Determining when to say goodbye isn't about the presence of illness alone, but about your animal's overall quality of life. As guardians, we must honestly assess whether our pets can still engage in activities that bring them joy and comfort. When pain cannot be adequately controlled, when mobility becomes severely limited, or when your animal shows little interest in food, companionship, or their surroundings, it may be time to consider letting go. 

Veterinary professionals use quality of life scales that evaluate appetite, mobility, hygiene, and social interaction, but your intimate knowledge of your pet's personality and preferences is equally valuable. You know what makes your animal happy – and if they can no longer access these pleasures and their condition is irreversible, prolonging their life may cause more harm than good.

Our role in minimising suffering 

We love our pets and as their guardians, we have the power to significantly reduce our animals' suffering through proactive choices including: 

• Early recognition: Learning to recognise subtle signs of pain or distress allows for prompt intervention. Animals instinctively hide discomfort, so changes in behaviour, appetite, or routine may signal underlying issues. 

• Preventive care: Regular veterinary check-ups, appropriate vaccinations, and dental care can prevent many conditions that cause suffering later in life. Senior pets benefit from more frequent health assessments to catch problems early. 

• Pain management: Advocating for proper pain relief when your pet is unwell. Modern veterinary medicine offers excellent options for managing pain and other distressing symptoms - no animal should suffer unnecessarily. 

• Environmental adaptations: Making simple changes to help ageing or unwell pets - raised food bowls, non-slip mats, ramps instead of stairs, or softer bedding can maintain comfort and independence.  

What are the elements of a Good Death 

Freedom from pain and distress 

Our primary responsibility is ensuring our animals remain comfortable. This means working closely with veterinary professionals to manage not just physical pain, but also symptoms like difficulty breathing, nausea, anxiety, or confusion. Effective symptom control allows pets to spend their remaining time in peace rather than distress. 

Familiar comfort and companionship 

Animals find security in familiar surroundings and the presence of their family. Whenever possible, end-of-life care should take place at home, surrounded by the people and places your pet knows best. Many veterinary practices now offer home visits for euthanasia, allowing pets to pass away peacefully in their favourite spot. Many owners report having a more positive experience if the euthanasia was performed at home (80%) than if performed at a veterinary hospital (43%).  

If home isn't feasible, creating a calm environment with the owner present, and with familiar scents, blankets, or toys can provide comfort during this time. 

Respecting individual needs 

Every animal has unique preferences that should be taken into account during their final days. Some seek close contact and comfort from their humans, whilst others prefer quiet solitude. Some may have special foods they still enjoy or particular resting places where they feel secure. Recognising and accommodating these individual characteristics helps provide your pet with some control and sense of self. 

Timely decision-making 

Perhaps our greatest responsibility as guardians is knowing when to let go. This requires good information through conversations with veterinary professionals about prognosis, available treatments, and realistic expectations. The decision should always be based on your animal's wellbeing rather than our own emotional needs. 

Consider what gave your pet the greatest joy in life - if they can no longer engage in these activities and face a future of increasing discomfort and pain, choosing euthanasia may be your final act of love and responsibility. 

The compassionate choice of euthanasia 

When medical intervention can no longer provide adequate comfort or quality of life, euthanasia represents a humane option that prevents further suffering. Modern veterinary euthanasia, properly performed, provides a quick and peaceful death - the animal loses consciousness within seconds and passes away within minutes. 

This decision should never be made hastily or under pressure. It requires careful consideration of your pet's current state, future prospects, and your family's circumstances. However, choosing euthanasia to end unnecessary suffering should be viewed as an act of love.  

Planning and preparation  

Responsible guardianship includes thinking ahead about end-of-life care before a crisis occurs. Discuss your pet's likely health trajectory with your vet, particularly for breeds prone to specific conditions. Understanding potential challenges allows you to make informed decisions about treatment options and quality of life thresholds. 

Some families find it helpful to create care plans outlining their wishes for their pet's end-of-life care, including preferences for pain management, environmental considerations, and decision-making criteria. These plans prove invaluable during emotionally challenging times when clear thinking becomes difficult. 

Supporting yourself and your other pets after loss 

Acknowledging that grief following pet loss is genuine and significant is part of responsible guardianship. The bond we share with our animals is real and meaningful, and their loss (even if a good death) will have a significant impact on you and your family, as well as other pets in the household. 

The most common behavioural changes in other pets in the household as reported by owners following the death of a pet were; increased affectionate (75% of dogs and 53% of cats) and territorial behaviours (59% of dogs and 63% of cats). Dogs were reported to reduce food consumption, increase sleep, decrease vocalisations, and cats were reported to increase vocalisations and increase aggression following the death of a companion.  

Everyone needs time and support to grieve, even other animals. Creating meaningful rituals - whether a small ceremony, memorial donation, or special remembrance - can help process grief whilst celebrating the joy your companion brought to your life. 

The decision to say goodbye is never easy, but when made with your pet's wellbeing as the priority, it represents the ultimate act of guardianship - putting their needs before our own emotions. In choosing to prevent suffering rather than prolonging life at any cost, we demonstrate the depth of our love and respect for the animals who have enriched our lives so profoundly. 

A peaceful goodbye, free from pain and surrounded by love, is perhaps the greatest gift we can offer our faithful companions in return for their years of unconditional devotion. 

What support is available? 

There are a range of free support services available in Aotearoa for those grieving the loss of a pet, including counselling, information packs, and helplines – and many people also find comfort by connecting with others in online support groups, such as those on Facebook or pet bereavement forums. Some local areas may also have other grief services for free, which also include the loss of a pet, so it is worth doing some research to understand how you can be supported. 

Service	Type	Coverage	Cost
Skylight	Info & packs	National	Free
Grief Centre	Counselling & groups	National	Free
Puāwaitanga	Phone/video counselling	National (eligible only)	Free
Pets At Rest	Referral network	National	Free
Pet Angel Wings	Grief counselling	National	$120/session
New Plymouth Vet Group	Bereavement counselling	Taranaki region	Free (complimentary)
Loving Tributes	Counselling	Christchurch	$95/session
Lap of Love	Support groups (online)	International	Free

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References:  

Kogan, L. R., & Cooney, K. A. (2023). Defining a "Good Death": Exploring Veterinarians' Perceptions of Companion Animal Euthanasia. Animals: 13(13), 2117. 

Littlewood K, Beausoleil N, Stafford K, Stephens C. “What would you do?”: how cat owners make end-of-life decisions and implications for veterinary-client interactions. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(4):1114. doi:10.3390/ani11041114 

Walker JK, Waran NK, Phillips CJC. Owners’ Perceptions of Their Animal’s Behavioural Response to the Loss of an Animal Companion. Animals. 2016; 6(11):68.  

Why Cats Hunt: Beyond Hunger

Domestic cats are skilled hunters – but their urge to hunt doesn't always stem from hunger. Even well-fed cats will stalk, chase, and pounce on prey. This is natural behaviour, and the ability to show some of these behaviours is important for their mental wellbeing. Knowing why domestic cats have a need to perform  behaviours associated with hunting can help owners care for their cats' behavioural needs and protect local wildlife at the same time. 

Why this matters now 

In New Zealand, there is growing national interest in cats due to increasing concern over the impact of feral and unmanaged cats on native wildlife. While that spotlight often focuses on unowned or wild cat populations, it’s equally important to consider how this concern also relates to our companion cats. This article aims to help pet guardians better understand why som cats are so motivated to show predatory behaviour, and how best to meet those needs responsibly –  without putting our native species at risk. 

The evolutionary basis of hunting 

Hunting is deeply embedded in a cat’s evolutionary history. All members of the Felidae family, including domestic cats (Felis catus), are obligate carnivores with highly developed predatory skills. Unlike some other predators, domestic cats tend to hunt multiple small meals throughout the day rather than relying on a single large kill. This trait persists regardless of whether food is readily available. 

Kittens begin to develop hunting behaviour early in life. From around 3 to 5 weeks of age, kittens start refining their motor coordination through play. Play with littermates helps them practice skills like stalking and pouncing. From 6 to 8 weeks of age, mother cats often bring prey to the nest, allowing kittens to observe and imitate hunting sequences (Bradshaw, 2013). 

The psychology of hunting 

Cats experience significant neurological stimulation from associated with predatory behaviour. Predation can be broken down into several phases: searching, stalking, chasing, capturing, and consuming. Research shows that the so called ‘appetitive phase’ – which includes the searching and stalking – activates the dopamine system in the brain. Since we know that dopamine is associated with motivation and pleasure-seeking, this suggests that cats will feel good (ie the behaviour is rewarded) even if the hunt ends unsuccessfully. 

This internal feedback loop makes the act of hunting (even without a successful outcome) self-reinforcing. In fact it has been suggested that simply observing prey-like movements can trigger a dopamine release. So, it's not the actual killing and consuming of prey, but the process (the appetitive phase) that provides a satisfying mental and physical challenge. This explains why interactive play with toys that mimic prey movement can be highly enjoyable and beneficial to domestic cats. 

It's not the actual killing and/or consuming, but the process leading up to it that provides a satisfying mental and physical challenge 

Enrichment and welfare 

This is important because from an animal welfare perspective, it’s essential for owners to understand that their cats do not need to hunt live prey to be happy or fulfilled. Instead, they require the opportunity to express natural hunting behaviours associated with the appetitive phase (ie the searching, stalking and pouncing). This means that domestic cats that are well fed can be positively mentally stimulated through experiencing a non-harmful alternative to satisfying their natural predatory behaviour. A study by Cecchetti et al. (2021) found that providing cats with toys, play sessions, and food puzzles can meet their behavioural needs while also significantly reducing their predation on wildlife. 

A key message for cat owners is that preventing a cat from hunting actual wildlife – does not appear to compromise their wellbeing if they are offered well managed non harmful behavioural and environmental enrichment activities. 

Practical tips for cat guardians 

To provide for domestic cat’s natural predatory instincts, we suggest the following strategies: 

• Interactive play: Schedule 2–3 play sessions daily if possible, using wand toys with various attachments that mimic different types of prey, such as feathers or small plush toys.  You can also use small robotic toys that mimic prey movement or laser pointers, but these should be used sparingly and safely. If using lasers or prey-like toys, its important to keep sessions short and always finish with a toy your cat can physically catch to avoid frustration or repetitive behaviours. 

• Toy rotation: Change toys frequently to keep your cat’s interest high. 

• Environmental enrichment: Offer hiding places, climbing towers, and window perches to stimulate natural searching behaviours. 

• Food puzzles and foraging toys: Turn mealtime into a food searching or hunting opportunity. 

• Containment: To prevent unsupervised roaming, if appropriate keep cats indoors or in a contained area, especially during dawn and dusk when birds and other wildlife are most active or at risk. Cat containment can be a point of controversy among cat owners, and currently, Companion Animals New Zealand does not take a position on whether permanent indoor-only containment is appropriate for all cats. However, we do promote responsible pet guardianship and suggest that this involves keeping cats on their owner's property, microchipping and registration on the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR) as well as early desexing – as a way to protect both pets and also safeguard wildlife. 

• Wildlife-friendly collars: Use a brightly coloured collar, such as those with a frilly or patterned design, to help warn birds and reduce your cat’s hunting success if they go outdoors (Willson et al., 2015). While bells have traditionally been used, some studies suggest they may not be effective for all prey types and could potentially be stressful for cats. Visual deterrents like a brightly coloured collar such as the Birdsbesafe® collar covers, have shown greater success in reducing bird predation without causing discomfort. 

• Respect local rules: Adhere to regional/council bylaws regarding cat management, especially near areas where there may be vulnerable wildlife such as conservation areas and reserves. 

By implementing these techniques, cat guardians can provide their pets with a good quality of life while reducing their impact on our native birds, wildlife and ecosystems.

Some extra tips! 

1. Feed high protein diets:

   Research suggests that feeding cats a diet high in meat protein and incorporating daily play can significantly reduce hunting of wild animals (Cecchetti et al., 2021). Ensuring your cat is nutritionally satisfied may reduce their motivation to seek out prey.

2. Play just before feeding:

   Simulating a hunt before meals (chase, pounce, catch a toy) followed by food mimics the natural hunting-eating cycle and satisfies behavioural drives more effectively. 

3. Avoid releasing toys too soon:

   Let your cat “capture” the toy at the end of play – don’t just stop suddenly. The satisfaction of a completed hunting sequence may help meet their psychological needs more.

4. Use puzzle feeders outdoors (in enclosed spaces):

   If you allow your cat outdoor access, offering food in a puzzle feeder keeps them engaged and less interested in real prey.

5. Provide scent enrichment:
   Cats rely heavily on scent. Use toys or play areas with catnip, silvervine, or valerian root to stimulate interest and reduce boredom that might lead to outdoor hunting behaviour.

6. Keep an eye on seasonal prey availability:
   Wildlife is especially vulnerable during nesting or fledgling seasons (spring/summer in NZ). Consider keeping your cat indoors or restricted to a catio more strictly during these periods.

7. Use activity trackers:
   Some pet tech can help monitor your cat’s outdoor activity and detect patterns, giving you insights into when and where your cat may be most active as a hunter. This can inform better containment or enrichment strategies.

8. Gradual transition to indoors or limited access:
   If you're considering transitioning your cat to being indoors or contained, do it gradually with increased enrichment and stimulation. Sudden restriction without added stimulation may cause stress or behavioural issues associated with frustration. 

Conclusion

Predatory behaviour is more than a survival strategy for cats – it’s an essential part of who they are. Providing opportunities for cats to express the appetitive activities involved in hunting in safe, controlled and non-harmful ways supports their wellbeing and helps protect New Zealand’s unique and vulnerable wildlife.  

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References: 

• Bradshaw, J. (2013). Cat Sense: How the New Feline Science Can Make You a Better Friend to Your Pet. Basic Books. 

• Cecchetti, M., Crowley, S. L., & McDonald, R. A. (2021). Provision of high meat protein food and object play reduce predation of wild animals by domestic cats. Current Biology, 31(5), R167–R168. 
  Ellis, S. L. H. (2009). Environmental enrichment: Practical strategies for improving feline welfare. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 11(11), 901–912. 
  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.011 

• Willson, Susan & Okunlola, I.A. & Novak, J.A.. (2015). Birds be safe: Can a novel cat collar reduce avian mortality by domestic cats (Felis catus)?. Global Ecology and Conservation. 30. 

• Willson, S. K., Okunlola, I. A., & Novak, J. A. (2015). Birds be safe: Can a novel cat collar reduce avian mortality by domestic cats (Felis catus)? Global Ecology and Conservation, 3, 359–366. 

“Scaredy cats” - Understanding anxiety in our feline companions

Cats are often perceived as independent and self-sufficient creatures. However, they are complex animals and can experience significant anxiety, particularly when faced with environmental changes or forced proximity to other cats.  

Understanding the signs of feline anxiety and how to address them is crucial for responsible pet ownership and ensuring your cat's wellbeing. 

Why feline anxiety often goes undetected 

Despite the significant impact anxiety can have on a cat's wellbeing, feline anxiety frequently goes unrecognised by owners for several reasons: 

• Subtle expression: Unlike dogs, cats often display stress in subtle ways that can be easily overlooked or misinterpreted as normal feline behaviour. 

• Natural tendency to hide weakness: As instinctive predators and prey, cats have evolved to mask signs of vulnerability. In the wild, displaying weakness could attract predators or competitors, so cats instinctively conceal discomfort and anxiety. 

• Gradual onset: Anxiety symptoms often develop gradually, making changes in behaviour less noticeable to owners who see their cats daily. 

• Normalisation of stress behaviours: Some owners come to accept certain stress behaviours—such as excessive grooming or hiding—as "just what cats do" rather than recognising them as signs of underlying anxiety. 

• Urban living: Cats living in close proximity to many other cats such as can be the case in an urban/suburban environment may display chronic low-level stress that owners perceive as normal. 

Recognising signs of anxiety in cats 

Anxious cats typically display their distress through several key behaviours: 

• Urine spraying on vertical surfaces 

• Inappropriate toileting outside the litter tray 

• Hiding or reduced social interaction 

• Changes in appetite - eating significantly more or less 

• Repetitive, purposeless behaviours (eg. overgrooming) 

• Aggression towards people or animals - often unprovoked 

• Increased vocalisation (meowing/howling) - often out of character 

• Restlessness or sleep changes - unable to settle or sleeping much more 

• Hypervigilance - constantly alert, jumpy or easily startled 

Beyond these behavioural signs, cats suffering from anxiety are also susceptible to developing stress-related physical illnesses. Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is one example that is particularly common and often requires a combination of veterinary care and behavioural/environmental modifications to treat effectively. 

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Understanding house-soiling 

Although elimination behaviour (the term used for a cat toileting) is a symptom of anxiety, it’s important to understand the underlying causes to be able to diagnose the problem and address it effectively. There are two distinct types of elimination issues, each with different underlying causes: 

1. Inappropriate elimination 

Inappropriate elimination refers to a cat urinating or defecating outside its litter tray in areas not typically associated with toileting behaviour, such as on furniture, carpets, or beds.

This behaviour is usually due to medical issues, environmental discomfort, or anxiety and is not intended as communication. In normal circumstances, cats prefer to eliminate in quiet, secluded locations, on substrates suitable for burying waste. These sites are usually at the periphery of their core living area, away from feeding and resting areas, with some cats preferring separate locations for urination and defecation.  

When a cat stops using its litter tray, there may be a number of potential causes: 

• The location or substrate is no longer desirable or feels unsafe 

• The cat associates the location with feeling painful (e.g., from cystitis or constipation) 

• Physical pain prevents the cat from accessing its normal location (e.g., arthritis) 

• Medical issues have altered the frequency or urgency of elimination 

Treatment approach: 

1. Firstly, address any underlying medical issues (ie consult your veterinarian) 

1. Identify and resolve environmental factors that’s making the normal toileting area undesirable 

1. Clean soiled areas thoroughly (use biological (enzymatic) cleaners)  

1. And if the issue is related to anxiety, talk to your vet about the use of pheromone therapy* (something like Feliway®) making sure its only used near the litter tray—never in inappropriately soiled areas, as this could encourage return to those locations.  

*Pheromone therapy refers to the use of synthetic versions of natural feline facial pheromones, designed to create a sense of safety and familiarity for cats, helping to reduce stress and anxiety-related behaviours like inappropriate toileting. 

2. Marking behaviours: urine spraying and middening** 

Marking behaviours serve a different purpose than elimination – they're chemical (pheromone) communication methods.

When cats spray urine in their core area, they're leaving scent messages to mark the areas where they perceive potential threats.  

**Middening (or territorial defecation) is when a cat purposely defecates outside of their litter box - conveying messages in response to perceived threats or stress. Unlike inappropriate elimination, it is not about toileting needs but about sending a signal. 

Treatment approach: 

1. Identify the likely source of threat or anxiety  

1. Clean marked areas thoroughly with biological cleaners  

1. Apply pheromone therapy (something like Feliway®) in the previously soiled areas (unlike with inappropriate elimination) to increase the cat's sense of security 

1. Consult an accredited animal behaviourist about use behaviour modification including environmental enrichment to reduce anxiety  

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Anxiety Triggered by Other Cats 

In multi-cat households, inter-cat conflict is a prevalent source of stress. Cats are inherently territorial and may perceive other cats as intruders, leading to aggression or avoidance behaviours. Such conflicts can result in chronic stress, manifesting as overgrooming, inappropriate elimination, or withdrawal.

The presence of unfamiliar cats, in the home (or core) territory, including those visible through windows, can also trigger anxiety and subsequent behavioural issues. 

Management Strategies in multi-cat households: 

• Gradual introductions: When introducing a new cat, ensure a slow and controlled process, allowing each cat to acclimate to the other's scent and presence. 

• Resource allocation: Provide multiple resources (e.g., litter boxes, feeding stations, resting areas) to reduce competition and territorial disputes. 

• Environmental enrichment: Incorporate vertical spaces and hiding spots to allow cats to establish their own territories and retreat when needed. 

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Environmental triggers of anxiety 

Cats are highly sensitive to changes in their environment. Alterations such as moving furniture, introducing new household members, or changes in routine can induce stress. Loud noises, unfamiliar scents, and lack of stimulation are additional factors that can contribute to anxiety. 

Management Strategies: 

• Maintain consistency: Keep routines as consistent as possible, including feeding times and play sessions. 

• Introduce changes gradually: When changes are necessary, implement them slowly to allow the cat time to adjust. 

• Provide safe spaces: Ensure your cat has access to quiet, secure areas where they can retreat and feel safe. 

• Use of pheromone therapy: Synthetic pheromones can help create a calming environment, reducing stress-related behaviours. 

Seek professional help 

If your cat is displaying signs of anxiety despite your best efforts, it may be time to consult a professional. Begin with a veterinary check-up to rule out medical causes, then consider working with a CANZ accredited qualified animal behaviourist.  

For information about finding a CANZ Accredited Behaviourist who can provide specialised assistance for your cat's anxiety, please visit the Companion Animals New Zealand website (www.companionanimals.nz)  

Note: This article is for general guidance only. Each cat is unique, and persistent behavioural issues should be addressed with professional support. 

Why do cats scratch furniture?

Scratching is a normal and important behaviour for cats, but when it’s your furniture on the receiving end, it can be frustrating. While it might seem like bad behaviour, scratching helps cats stay healthy and express themselves. By understanding why cats scratch and offering better options, you can protect your home and support your cat’s wellbeing. 

Scratching is a natural and necessary behaviour for cats, but when it leads to damage around the home, it can create tension between cats and their guardians. It’s one of the most common behaviour concerns reported by guardians with estimates ranging from 5.4% - 84% of owners identifying scratching as an issue. 

Repeated damage to furniture or belongings can cause frustration, resentment, or even punishment, all of which can harm the bond between cat and owner. Seeing the behaviour as "naughty" or deliberate, can lead to misunderstandings about your cat’s needs.  

Over time, this can reduce the level of affection, patience, and care the cat receives, affecting their overall welfare. That’s why it’s so important to approach scratching as a communication and wellbeing issue – not just a nuisance – to protect both your relationship and your cat’s happiness. 

The scale of the issue in New Zealand 

Cats remain New Zealand's most popular companion animal, with approximately 1.26 million living in Kiwi homes. According to the 2024 Companion Animals New Zealand Pet Data Report, an estimated 40% of New Zealand households have at least one cat, well above the global average. 

With such widespread cat ownership, furniture scratching represents a common challenge for hundreds of thousands of New Zealand homes. The average cost of replacing or repairing scratched furniture can range from $200 for minor repairs to several thousand dollars for complete replacement of damaged items.  

The science behind scratching 

Cats don't scratch just to sharpen their claws, though that’s one part of it. Scratching serves several important purposes:  

1. Claw maintenance – It removes old claw sheaths to reveal newer, sharper claws. 

2. Communication – Scratching leaves both visible marks and scent from glands in the paws, acting as territorial signals. 

3. Stress relief – A 2024 international research project found increased scratching in response to stress. 

4. Physical exercise – The stretching motion keeps muscles toned. 

5. Positive emotion expression - A recent study found cats often scratch in areas linked with rest or positive human interaction. 

Because scratching is so beneficial, cats need to be able to do it. Our goal isn’t to stop it, but to redirect it to appropriate surfaces. 

A recent study of over 2,500 cat guardians in the United States and Canada found fewer reports of unwanted scratching for cat owners with older cats, and for those that provide enrichment items (e.g., sisal rope), outdoor access, positive reinforcement training, and restricted access to items they did not want scratched. 

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Our goal as responsible guardians isn't to stop scratching entirely, but rather to redirect it to appropriate surfaces. 

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Scratching can be stress related too 

A 2025 study from the University of Lincoln (UK) challenges the idea that scratching at home is always linked to stress. Researchers found that cats who scratched more often were usually younger, more playful, and often scratched in comfortable spots, like near soft furniture, sleeping areas, or where they interact positively with their owners. This confirms what we outlined above; that scratching might not just be about stress – it could also be a sign that your cat feels happy and relaxed in their environment.

That said, stress can influence scratching in some cats. A study of over 1,200 cat owners identified several contributing factors to unwanted scratching: 

• Environmental stressors – Homes with children saw higher scratching, likely due to noise and unpredictability. 

• Personality traits – Cats described as reactive, showing aggressive or disruptive behaviours (as interpreted by the guardian), scratched more. 

• Activity levels – Active or nocturnal cats tended to scratch more. 

• Play duration – Long, unresolved play sessions could increase stress and scratching.

Effective Management Strategies  

There are various ways to manage scratching so that it is not a problem:  

1. Provide appropriate scratching alternatives

   • Scratch posts

   • Cardboard or sisal mats

   • Sturdy carpeted platforms 

2. Smart placement

   • Position near existing scratching spots 

   • Place near rest areas 

   • Move slowly if relocating (a few inches a day)

3. Making scratch surfaces appealing

   • Lightly scratch new surfaces to make them appealing. 

   • Rub scent from old spots onto new posts. 

   • Try catnip to attract interest (if your cat responds to it)

4. Environmental management

   • Provide hiding places and perches 

   • Provide satisfying play sessions 

   • Keep routines calm and consistent, especially around children

5. Protect furniture

   This probably seems obvious! But when implementing furniture protection strategies, always ensure alternative scratching surfaces are available so the behaviour is redirected: 

   • Use covers, throws or blankets to protect furniture

   • Try double-sided tape on scratched spots

   • Use corner protectors that also work as scratchers

6. Keep what works

   Cats prefer old, well-used scratch posts with their scent: 

   • Replace only if broken and keep familiar parts if you can

   • Place the new post in the same spot to help your cat adjust

7. Positive reinforcement

   By learning to understand how your cat enjoys being rewarded, you can reward the right behaviour immediately. As soon as your cat uses a scratching post or pad: 

   • Give a tasty treat 

   • Use verbal praise (e.g., “Good cat or kitty!”)  

   • Offer a gentle stroke or chin rub, if your cat enjoys touch

   Consistency is key! 

What to avoid 

Remember that patience and consistency are key. Cats can be encouraged to use appropriate scratching surfaces, but this often requires time and the right approach.  

It's important to emphasise that punishment is never effective for managing scratching behaviour. Harsh responses can cause or increase any underlying stress and anxiety, potentially worsening the problem. It also important to note that declawing is illegal in New Zealand because this sort of cosmetic procedure compromises feline welfare. 

Final thoughts 

Scratching is an essential feline behaviour that serves multiple important functions. By understanding the science behind why cats scratch and implementing the strategies outlined above, cat guardians can successfully manage this behaviour while ensuring their cats' physical and psychological needs are met. 

For further advice on feline behaviour management, contact your veterinarian or a qualified CANZ accredited feline behaviourist - https://www.companionanimals.nz/canzaccreditation  

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Key References:  

Braggs, J. and Mills, D.S. (2025) Unwanted feline scratching in the home: A re-examination of its relationship with stress and marking, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci, Volume 287 

Cisneros, A., Litwin, D., Niel, L., & Stellato, A. C. (2022). Unwanted Scratching Behavior in Cats: Influence of Management Strategies and Cat and Owner Characteristics. Animals : 12(19), 2551. 

Heidenberger E. (1997 ) Housing conditions and behavioural problems of indoor cats as assessed by their owners. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.; 52:345–364. 

Moesta A., Keys D., Crowell-Davis S. (2018) Survey of cat owners on features of, and preventative measures for, feline scratching of inappropriate objects: A pilot study. J. Feline Med. Surg. 20:891–899. 

National Pet Day 2025: Companion Animals NZ calls for a stronger commitment to pet welfare

Companion Animals New Zealand (CANZ) is calling on pet lovers across the country to take a stand for animal welfare this National Pet Day, Friday 11 April 2025 and the weeks following. With companion animals playing an essential role in the lives of many New Zealanders, CANZ is launching a nationwide pledge campaign to ensure pet welfare remains a priority in political and public discourse. 

As a national charity for companion animals, CANZ will use this campaign to raise awareness, encourage responsible pet ownership, and urge policymakers to address critical issues affecting pets and their guardians. The pledge invites individuals to show their commitment to animal welfare and support CANZ’s advocacy for policies that ensure pets receive the care, protection, and positive experiences they deserve. 

A commitment to Companion Animal Welfare 

The pledge focuses on key areas essential to ensuring a 'Good Life' for pets in Aotearoa, including calling on the Government to look at: 

• National frameworks: Develop and maintain world-leading companion animal policies, codes of welfare and regulations that position New Zealand as a recognised global leader in companion animal welfare 

• Pets in rentals: Implement rental housing protections for pet owners, recognising the importance of the pet-human bond  

• Pets in emergencies: Ensure well-resourced emergency management plans include provisions to evacuate, rescue, shelter and reunite companion animals

• Microchipping mandates: Implement and enforce comprehensive microchipping requirements for all companion animals supported by accessible national databases 

• Shelter support: Establish a NZ Animal Shelter database for local animal shelters and rescue organisations to provide accurate unowned pet population information 

• Desexing access: Establish free or low-cost spay/neuter programmes to help reduce the unowned pet population.  

“Pets are vital members of our communities, and we need to ensure their needs are considered in national and local policies,” says Prof. Nat Waran, Director of ‘A Good Life for Animals’ Centre at CANZ. “We know 63% of New Zealand homes have a pet and there is so much more we can do to improve their welfare through national oversight while also making pet ownership more accessible and supported. Clear policies and better resources can help ensure pets receive the care they deserve while allowing more people to experience the benefits of responsible pet ownership. By signing this pledge, New Zealanders can send a powerful message to decision-makers that companion animal welfare must remain on the agenda.” 

In addition to the pledge, CANZ will submit a letter to the Government outlining the key priorities for pet welfare, along with the total number of digital signatures collected. This initiative builds on CANZ’s longstanding commitment to research, education, and advocacy, as well as its operation of the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR), the country’s leading microchip database. 

“We encourage every pet guardian and advocate to take action by signing the pledge,” adds Professor Waran. “Together, we can drive meaningful change and ensure a better future for all companion animals in New Zealand.” 

For more information and to sign the pledge, visit: National Pet Day Pledge — Companion Animals New Zealand  

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Companion Animals New Zealand (CANZ) is an independent, science-based charity committed to ensuring all companion animals live a 'Good Life' with responsible guardians. We use research, education and community programmes to achieve this. We also operate the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR), the country's largest microchip database with more than 1.4 million pets registered. Our Board comprises independent trustees and representatives from a range of animal welfare groups, including SPCA, New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA), Dogs NZ, New Zealand. Cat Fancy, the New Zealand Veterinary Nursing Association (NZVNA) and the New Zealand Institute of Animal Management (NZIAM).    

Let sleeping pets lie: Why a good sleep matters

Sleep is just as important for our animal companions as it is for us. While most pet owners focus on diet, exercise, and regular vet check-ups, sleep often gets overlooked as a crucial aspect of animal welfare. Understanding your pet's sleep needs is essential for providing them with the best care possible. 

How different pets sleep: Species-specific patterns

Dogs: The polyphasic nappers

Dogs are "polyphasic sleepers" – they take multiple naps throughout the day rather than one long sleep. Most dogs need about 12-14 hours of sleep daily, though this varies with age, breed, and activity level. Puppies and senior dogs typically require more rest. 

A dog's activity levels, routine changes, social interactions, and emotional experiences all affect sleep quality. Unlike humans who spend about 25% of sleep in REM (dream) sleep, dogs only spend about 10% in this restorative phase, making quality sleep time crucial for their wellbeing.

Cats: The professional sleepers

If you've ever envied your cat's ability to nap anywhere, anytime, there's good reason! Cats sleep between 12-16 hours daily, with some sleeping up to 20 hours. They're most active at dawn and dusk, explaining those early morning wake-up calls. 

Cats need safe, comfortable sleeping spots – preferably with options at different heights, as many cats feel more secure when elevated. Multiple sleeping locations throughout your home will help your feline friend get the rest they need. 

Horses: Standing sleepers

Horses have fascinating sleep patterns reflecting their evolution as prey animals. They need only 5-7 hours of rest consisting of 2-3 hours of total sleep daily and can sleep standing up thanks to a special "stay apparatus" in their legs. 

However, horses must lie down to achieve REM (deep) sleep, which typically only accounts for about 30 minutes of their daily rest. Without this crucial REM sleep, horses can develop serious welfare issues, including sudden episodes of collapse. Sleep deprivation risks increase when horses travel long distances or stay overnight at events without proper rest opportunities.

Rabbits: Eyes-open snoozers

As prey animals, rabbits are crepuscular, meaning they're most active during dawn and dusk, typically sleeping during midday and deep night. Unlike most pets, rabbits can sleep with their eyes open – an evolutionary adaptation that helps them stay alert to danger. They'll only close their eyes when feeling completely safe. 

Rabbits sleep 6-8 hours daily in many short naps rather than one continuous period. They also enter a "dozing" state where they rest while remaining somewhat alert. During true sleep, a rabbit's nose stops twitching – a rare sight indicating deep relaxation. 

Why quality of sleep matters for pet health

Good sleep isn't just about preventing grumpiness – it's essential for: 

• Physical health: Sleep is when the body repairs itself and grows 

• Immune function: Well-rested pets can fight illness better 

• Brain health: Sleep helps animals process new information and skills 

• Emotional wellbeing: Sleep-deprived pets tend to be more anxious or irritable 

• Pain management: Poor sleep can increase sensitivity to pain 

• Safety: Sleep deprivation can lead to problematic behaviours that can be unsafe for humans and other animals

Warning signs: Is your pet sleeping poorly?

Dogs and cats: 

• Increased irritability or unusual aggression 

• Seeming disoriented or confused 

• Excessive daytime sleepiness 

• Increased vocalisation at night 

• Changes in appetite 

Horses: 

• Dropping to their knees momentarily 

• Unexplained injuries that might have occurred during collapse 

• Excessive daytime drowsiness 

• Reluctance to lie down 

Rabbits: 

• Decreased activity or lethargy 

• Teeth grinding (different from gentle purring) 

• Hunched posture 

• Changes in eating habits 

• Reduced grooming behavior 

• Increased hiding behavior 

Creating sleep-friendly environments for your pets

Dogs 

• Provide a quiet, comfortable bed away from household traffic 

• Maintain a consistent daily routine 

• Ensure adequate daytime exercise  

• Consider crate training if it helps your dog feel secure 

• Keep their sleeping area at an appropriate temperature 

Cats 

• Offer multiple sleeping spots, including some elevated options 

• Provide both hidden/enclosed beds and open sleeping areas 

• Keep their sleeping areas away from litter boxes 

• Consider your cat's preference for soft vs. firm sleeping surfaces 

• Respect your cat's natural activity patterns rather than trying to force them into human schedules 

Horses 

• If stabled, ensure there is enough space to allow the horse to lie down safely and provide comfortable bedding or mats that encourage lying down 

• Maintain stable social groups when possible 

• Consider 24-hour turnout if suitable for your horse 

• Schedule human activities to avoid disrupting rest periods 

• Monitor for signs of sleep deprivation regularly 

Rabbits 

• Provide a quiet, draft-free sleeping area 

• Include hiding spaces like tunnels or covered areas where they can feel secure 

• Use soft bedding that supports their delicate feet (avoid wire-bottom cages) 

• Respect their crepuscular nature by avoiding disturbances during their main sleep periods 

• Ensure they have a companion if possible, as rabbits are social animals that feel safer with a buddy 

• Keep sleeping areas clean, as rabbits are naturally tidy animals

When to seek veterinary help 

If you notice persistent changes in your pet's sleep patterns or any warning signs mentioned above, consult your veterinarian. Sleep problems can indicate underlying health issues like arthritis, respiratory problems, or anxiety that require treatment.

The Companion Animals approach to quality pet sleep

Sleep is not a luxury for our companion animals – it's an essential biological need that directly impacts their quality of life. By understanding and accommodating the unique sleep requirements of different pets, we can help ensure they lead happy, healthy lives. 

At Companion Animals New Zealand, we believe that responsible pet care extends beyond the basics of food and shelter to understanding all aspects of animal wellbeing – including the importance of quality sleep. By making small adjustments to your pet's environment and routine, and monitoring their behaviour, you can help them get the rest they need to thrive. 

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Key References 

1. Zanghi, B.M. (2010). Importance of sleep: Performance, cognition and canine models of ageing. Nestlé Purina Companion Animal Nutrition Summit, 18-25.  

2. Kinsman, R., Owczarczak-Garstecka, S., Casey, R., Knowles, T., Tasker, S., Woodward, J., Da Costa, R., & Murray, J. (2020). Sleep Duration and Behaviours: A Descriptive Analysis of a Cohort of Dogs up to 12 Months of Age. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 10(7), 1172. 

3. Williams, D.C., Aleman, M., Holliday, T.A., Fletcher, D.J., Tharp, B., Kass, P.H., Steffey, E.P., & LeCouteur, R.A. (2008). Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the electroencephalogram in normal horses during spontaneous drowsiness and sleep. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 22(3), 630-638.  

4. Trocino, A., & Xiccato, G. (2006). Animal welfare in reared rabbits: A review with emphasis on housing systems. World Rabbit Science, 14(2), 77-93. 

New Zealand's unbreakable bond with pets: Insights from the latest Companion Animals NZ Report

Media release: 3 MArch 2025

New Zealand’s relationship with its companion animals remains as strong as ever, according to the latest findings from Companion Animals New Zealand (CANZ).

The ‘2024 NZ Pet Data Report’ reveals that nearly two-thirds (63%) of New Zealand households share their home with a pet, a figure that highlights the deep bond New Zealanders continue to have with their animals.

Cats remain the most popular pet, with 40% of households owning a feline companion, while 31% of homes include a dog. Additionally, more than half (60%) of people who don't currently own a pet would like to have one.

Key insights from the 2024 Report:

• Pet ownership trends

  • Nearly two-thirds of New Zealand households (63%) own pets, a figure which has seen no significant change in the past decade.

  • Cats remain the most popular pet (40%) with an estimated 1.26 million cats in NZ, followed closely by an estimated 830,000 dogs. The data suggests that the number of dog households has decreased slightly from 34% in 2020 to 31% in 2024.

  • Other pets, such as horses and rabbits, also contribute to New Zealand’s diverse pet population.

• Demographics and ownership patterns: Pet ownership varies by age and region.

  • Past the age of 65, companion animal ownership declines compared to all other age groups. Cats are particularly popular among people aged 45-64.

  • Households with children are more likely to have companion animals (66% to 71%, depending on the age of the children) compared to those with no children (60%). Households with older kids drive this pattern and are more likely to have dogs, cats, fish, rabbits, small mammals and fowl.

  • Auckland households are less likely to share their home with a companion animal than other regions.

• Reasons for having a pet:

  • Companionship remains the primary reason people choose to adopt pets, with love and affection central to the relationship particularly for cats, dogs, rabbits and birds.

  • Other key drivers of pet ownership included familiarity with the animal (e.g., person has had this type of animal before), cats ‘needing’ a home, as well as dogs for exercise and horses companionship and competing/breeding.

• Barriers to pet ownership:

  • Despite the widespread affection for animals, 22% of New Zealand households (approximately 440,000 households) report that they would like to own a pet but face barriers such as lifestyle, cost, and being hesitant about the responsibilities involved. Housing constraints were on the minds of younger people, especially those under 35, being more likely to encounter rental restrictions or financial considerations.

  • Among these non-pet owners, more than 60% express a desire to own a pet in the future, with cats and dogs as the most sought-after companions. 34% of non-pet owners stated that they have previously had pets.

• Acquiring a pet:

  • The SPCA and other animal rescues were the most common places to acquire cats, whereas dogs were more likely to be acquired from a breeder.

  • Private advertisements are a significant source of dogs, horses and rabbits while for cats, keeping strays is a common acquisition route. 

• Responsible Pet Care:

  • The survey highlighted growing trends in responsible pet care, including microchipping, desexing, and vet visits.

  • Desexing rates are reported as high, with 96% of owned cats and 85% of owned dogs being reported as desexed.

  • Microchipping has also increased, with 72% of cats and 89% of dogs microchipped in 2024, reflecting New Zealanders' growing commitment to pet welfare.

Professor Natalie Waran, Director of the A Good Life for Animals Centre, shared, "New Zealander’s strong bond with our companion animals shows just how important the relationship is. As the report highlights, the role of pets in our lives is deeply embedded in our culture – but it is also evolving. It’s not about ownership—it’s about companionship; with love and a commitment to share our lives with them."

She added, "As New Zealanders face the challenges of pet ownership and navigate changing societal expectations—particularly around how cats are managed—CANZ remains committed to improving the welfare of our pets. With the rising costs and time commitments involved, there’s a real opportunity to continue educating and advocating for more awareness of pet’s needs and what support is available. It’s also vital that we keep pushing for better standards, ensuring all animals live their best lives here in New Zealand."

For more information or to access the full 2024 NZ Pet Data Report, please visit www.companionanimals.nz/2024-nz-pet-data-report.

ABOUT THE REPORT

The NZ Pet Data Report is the largest, representative survey of pet population and ownership insights in NZ. Insights HQ were commissioned by Companion Animals NZ to undertake a survey of New Zealand households to size and profile the companion animal population, as well as assess attitudes towards companion animals in NZ. In 2024, the data was gathered between 23 September and 16 October 2024. A follow-up booster was conducted between 17 January and 3 February 2025 among rabbit owners to increase the sample size for rabbit ownership data, however, a population estimate was not available for rabbits due to low rabbit base size. More detail on methodology is available in the full report.

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ABOUT CANZ  

Companion Animals New Zealand (CANZ) is an independent, science-based charity committed to ensuring all companion animals live a 'Good Life' with responsible guardians. We use research, education and community programmes to achieve this. We also operate the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR), the country's largest microchip database with more than 1.4 million pets registered. Our Board comprises independent trustees and representatives from a range of animal welfare groups, including SPCA, New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA), Dogs NZ, New Zealand Cat Fancy, the New Zealand Veterinary Nursing Association (NZVNA) and the New Zealand Institute of Animal Management (NZIAM).